Chapter 519 Thesis is published! The academic community is shocked! Material wave verification solution! Where is the cat?
After receiving Professor Bruce's affirmation, Lang Zhiwan immediately arranged for a doctoral defense of De Broglie.
At the same time, de Broglie also wrote his theory of matter waves into a small paper for publication.
The so-called small paper refers to papers published in formal academic journals, while large papers refer to graduation papers used for master's and doctoral defense.
March 20, 1923.
University of Paris, doctoral defense scene.
Perran, Fabri and others formed the evaluation committee.
Lang Zhiwan, as De Broglie's mentor, was responsible for presiding over this defense.
The meeting began, and de Broglie first elaborated on his thinking process in detail about the matter wave.
"Last year, when Professor Bruce visited France, I had the honor to have a detailed conversation with him for more than half an hour."
"In this conversation, Professor Bruce proposed the idea that electrons can be waves for the first time."
"He did not analyze it from a theoretical perspective, but relied on pure physical intuition."
" Professor Bruce couldn't take time to study this direction in depth due to personal reasons. "
"At that time, I was studying wave-particle duality." "
"I had this view. Great interest."
"So, with the encouragement of Professor Bruce, I devoted myself to the conjecture that electrons are waves."
"I reviewed a series of important achievements since the proposed quantum theory."
"Including the wave-particle duality of light, photoelectric effect, Wu-Compton effect, Bohr-Li model, etc.."
"When I began to think deeply about the wave-particle duality of light, Two problems bother me. "
"First, I think the photon theory proposed by Professor Bruce before is incomplete."
"Because he used E=hv to determine the energy of light particles, this formula contains the frequency v."
"But pure particle theory does not contain any factor that defines the frequency."
"So, for photons, the concept of particles must also be introduced."
"Second, the motion of electrons in quantum theory involves the concept of integers."
< br>"The only things that involve the concept of integers in fluctuation are interference phenomena and vibration phenomena."
"So, this reminds me that when describing the motion of an electron, it needs to be given the concept of periodicity."
"Based on the above two questions, I converted the conjectures proposed by Professor Bruce into theoretical models for research."
"."
De Broglie's free and easy speech attracted all the professors and participants.
Everyone deeply felt how difficult it is to implement a conjecture and opinion into a practical theory.
What's more, it's the most advanced theory of matter waves.
During his Ph.D., de Broglie systematically studied all the new achievements in theoretical physics.
So, after hearing Professor Bruce's shocking conjecture, he quickly grasped the core and conducted research at the theoretical level.
Everyone asked themselves, if it were them, they would probably waste Professor Bruce's inspiration.
After de Broglie finished his explanation, he entered the questioning session.
The judges looked at each other and smiled bitterly.
This is probably the first time they have encountered such an embarrassing situation.
The professor dared not question the doctoral students' papers.
After all, this is a doctoral thesis that Professor Bruce personally praised!
At this time, Perrin, as the boss, stood up.
He smiled and said, "De Broglie, I'm not afraid of you making jokes. I dare not say that your paper can be fully understood." "Because there is too much physics involved in it. Learning knowledge: optics, statistics, dynamics, relativity, quantum theory"
"There are probably not too many people in the physics community who can understand these fields at the same time."
When everyone heard this , all shocked.
This is not a professor reviewing a doctorate, but a doctoral screening professor.
Especially the masters and doctors who came to listen were even more excited and they wanted to stand on the stage.
Looking at the world!
Then, Perrin said: "However, I still want to ask a question."
"How to prove your material wave theory?"
"Even though Professor Bruce acknowledged the existence of material waves, I think it must be verified through experiments."
"Maxwell predicted electromagnetic waves at the beginning. The existence of Hertz was finally discovered through experiments. "
"Professor Bruce's five major prophecies were also proved to be two and a half. "
"So, I hope your material waves It can also be verified by experiments."
Wow!
Lang Zhiwan, Fabri and others were all shocked.
They think Professor Perrin’s problem is necessary.
De Broglie smiled softly when he heard this, as if everything was in control.
"Professor Perrin, your question is very good."
"I have already considered the solution to how to test the volatility of electrons."
"My method is similar to Professor Laue's idea of verifying X-rays."
"Since electrons are waves, Then when it passes through the lattice in the crystal, it may experience interference and diffraction. "
"The mass of the electron is 0.91×10^-27g. After the potential difference acceleration of 200V, it will obtain E =Ue=3.2×10^-17J kinetic energy. "
" According to the kinetic energy equation E=mv/2, it can be calculated that the speed of the electron at this time is 8.4×10^6m/s."
< br>
"Finally, based on λ=h/p, the wavelength of the electron can be calculated is 8.7×10^-11m."
"This wavelength is basically equivalent to the wavelength of the X-ray."
"Although it is very small, the volume of electrons is also very small, enough to cause diffraction."
"So, it is entirely possible to observe the diffraction phenomenon of electrons using crystals as diffraction gratings."
" >"This is my plan."
Wow!
Perran was shocked when he heard this.
He didn't expect that De Broglie had planned a verification plan long ago.
And it is reasonable and well-founded.
Most importantly, the physicists are familiar with this program.
Crystal diffraction is almost becoming a conventional method in physics.
At this time, Lang Zhiwan suddenly said: "I think the difficulty of this method may be much greater than the verification of X-rays."
"Because according to substances Wave theory, electrons and the properties of matter. The collision between them and matter will affect the diffraction phenomenon."
Everyone nodded when he heard this.
Lang Zhiwan said very reasonably.
De Broglie smiled and said, "Professor, you analyzed it correctly."
"I had asked my brother to do an experiment before." br>
"It's a pity that he failed."
"But I firmly believe that this is because of his lack of ability, not because there is something wrong with my experimental plan."
"According to theoretical calculations, the diffraction phenomenon of electrons is very obvious."
In real history, de Broglie once made this experimental suggestion to his brother's friend, astrophysicist Dawyer.
But Dovier just did it simply and failed.
Then, he gave up the verification of matter waves because he was busy with other experiments.
Doveyer did not believe in the existence of material waves from the bottom of his heart, which was also the mentality of many physicists at that time.
So, they lost the opportunity to win the Nobel Prize.
After de Broglie said, everyone smiled.
In this room, he is probably the only one who dares to tease a duke like this.
However, Dr. Morris's level is really not satisfactory.
All the research results on X-rays have won four or five Nobel Prizes.
But the Duke Doctor is still struggling strongly.
In the end, there is no doubt that De Broglie passed the defense successfully.
He will become the most legendary doctoral student ever at the University of Paris, France.
——
April 15, 1923.
The journal Nature published De Broglie's paper on matter waves.
As soon as the article was released, everyone in the world was shocked!
The content of this paper subverts everyone's basic understanding of the material world.
Everything is fluctuating?
Is this sure nonsense?
"God! I'm not dreaming, right?"
"This is too shocking!"
"How can matter be waves?"
" br>
"Then why didn't I float around like a wave?"
After calmly calculating, someone said: "According to the material wave formula λ=h/p, suppose a person's weight is 70kg and he moves at a speed of 1m/s."
"Then he The wavelength of matter is only 9×10^-39 meters. "
"This number is too small, causing people's volatility to be completely negligible." "
"So, in the real world, The substance of the body only shows materiality, but does not show volatility."
"But for extremely small microscopic particles like electrons, their volatility is very obvious."
Everyone suddenly realized.
Nevertheless, for a time, not many physicists were able to accept this view.
Because they are in contact with matter from childhood to adulthood, real matter.
It's really impossible to associate them with waves.
However, De Broglie is famous all over the world for this paper.
From the point of view of innovation alone, the only ones that can compare to this paper in modern physics are probably relativity and quantum theory.
At the same time, as the details of De Broglie's defense were revealed, everyone suddenly realized: "Oh my God!"
"De Broglie's inspiration actually came from Professor Bruce! ”
"I just told you why I seemed to see the shadow of Professor Bruce's wild thoughts in this paper."
"So that's it."
Because of Li Qiwei, many physicists have asked The attitude of matter wave theory has changed.
After all, with Professor Bruce's perspective, theories he recognizes must have advantages.
But there are still not many physical masters who are willing to believe that the existence of material waves.
Even so, matter waves have become the biggest research hotspot in the field of physics, even surpassing matrix mechanics.
Because it is obviously better than shocking and subversive. "What if it's true?"
University of Munich.
Heisenberg was invited to hold a lecture on matrix mechanics here.
As soon as he finished his speech, he saw De Broglie's paper.
I was shocked.
"O God!"
"Professor Bruce's prophecy came true again?"
"How is this possible?"
"Electronics are electrons, real particles. How can they be waves?"
"Matter is both waves and particles. How do you imagine this?"
Heisenberg Confused.
He was even a little scared.
Because in his matrix mechanics, there is no place for fluctuations.
The underlying architecture of matrix mechanics is based on the fact that electrons are microscopic particles.
Now, de Broglie's theory of matter waves is undoubtedly an impact on matrix mechanics.
Although it cannot shake the status of matrix mechanics for the time being, who can tell the truth about the future?
In an instant, Heisenberg thought a lot.
He is ready to study this material wave theory and see if he can find some problems from it.
"No one can shake my matrix mechanics!"
"No one can shake anything but waves, they are all illusory things."
Heisenberg showed his paranoid and extreme side again .
Somofei sighed: "Is physics going to have another golden world?" "This time, it is the world of quantum mechanics."
" >
University of Chicago, USA.
Compton, 31 years old this year, has just been promoted to professor of physics.
At the same time, he also served as the director of the school's metallurgy laboratory.
This is all attributed to the Wu-Compton effect jointly published by him and Wu Youxun.
This effect not only proves the wave-particle duality of light, but also plays an important theoretical guiding role in the study of various rays.
After being promoted to professor, Compton was full of energy.
However, he did not stop moving forward because of this and was still active in the forefront of research.
When he saw De Broglie's paper, he was extremely upset and slapped his thigh in anger.
"Oh! What a pity!"
No mistakes, one song, one content, one in 6, one book, one bar, one reading!
"Wu, it would have been great if we both thought about it at the beginning."
"Then this paper that shocked the physics community is ours."
Wu Youxun Today is to visit the University of Chicago and seek cooperation.
He is now gradually replacing Tesla and taking over the management of Alpha Labs.
His first goal is to personally recruit outstanding research talents from various universities to supplement the laboratory's foundation.
Faced with Compton's "daydream", Wu Youxun smiled and said: "Brother Kang, you're thinking a little too much."
"At that time Do you think you can prove the material wave theoretically like Dr. De Broglie? "
When Compton heard this, he smiled and his underwear was exposed.
He is very self-aware that the theoretical derivation of material waves is not done by anyone.
Besides, he has always been good at experimental physics.
"I just envy!"
"I thought we had ended all the problems of wave-particle duality."
"I didn't expect that it had just begun .”
"Modern physics is really wonderful!"
Suddenly, Compton's ambition broke out and asked:
"Wu, are you interested in joining forces again to prove substances with experiments The existence of Bo! "
Wu Youxun was stunned for a moment when he heard this.
But soon, his face returned to normal.
He smiled and said, "I'm afraid it won't work." "Professor Bruce asked me to take charge of the Alpha Lab." "It's hard for me to spend my energy studying matters anymore." Bo."
Compton shrugged, looking very sorry.
However, his relationship with Wu Youxun is very strong, and the two of them have no need to explain politely.
"Wu, sometimes, I really envy you."
"I can only be a bit famous in the academic world of physics."
"And the sodium lamp you invented , can be said to be world-renowned. "
"Your reputation is much greater than mine."
"If I can't make it one day, and then go to your Alpha Lab to find a job, you have to help me."
Wu Youxun joked:
"Brother Kang , If you are willing to come, I will definitely sweep the bed to greet you."
"You will pay you the highest salary."
The two of them laughed.
At this time, Compton asked casually again: "By the way, you have been promoting Alpha Lab everywhere during this period, how effective is it." Wu Youxun said:
>"Physics professors rarely want to go to the laboratory."
"They prefer to stay in colleges and universities for basic academic research."
"Alpha Labs has made a breakthrough in sodium lamps, but its attractiveness to these physics tycoons is still a little less."
Compton nodded.
He himself is a professor and he can understand everyone's concerns very well.
Suddenly, Wu Youxun added: "However, I found a technical boss from the Carnegie Technology Institute."
Compton asked hurriedly, "Who is it?"
Wu Youxun said, "You should know, Dr. Davidson."
Compton's eyes lit up, "So it's him."< br>
Davidson graduated from the University of Chicago.
He was valued by Miligan and was recommended to study for his Ph.D. under Professor Richardson of Princeton University.
Moreover, he also married Richardson's sister, and the two changed from teacher-student relationship to brother-in-law and brother-in-law.
Richardson is now the chair of the physics department at King's College London, which was Li Qiwei's position at the time.
As Thomson's doctoral student, Richardson is also a big shot who came out of Cavendish lab.
So, he had very good personal relationships with Li Qiwei, Rutherford and others.
With this relationship, Davidson agreed almost without thinking in the face of Wu Youxun's invitation.
Just kidding, entering the Alpha Lab is equivalent to getting on Professor Bruce's ship.
A fool knows how to choose.
In real history, Davidson and Thomson Jr. independently verified electronic volatility, and the two won the Nobel Prize in Physics together.
The little Thomson is Thomson's son.
Compton encouraged:
"This is a good sign."
"I believe that the Alpha Lab will definitely shine in the academic field in the future."
Wu Youxun was also full of confidence.
—
Cavendish Laboratory, UK.
Professor Thomson discovered the existence of electrons here.
And he also roughly measured the mass and charge of electrons, proving that electrons are tiny particles inside the atom.
But now, the theory of matter waves emerges, breaking the common sense that electrons are particles.
So, Rutherford attaches great importance to this theory, and he couldn't help but exclaim: "De Broglie's paper may make all our understanding of atoms, Need to be pushed back and started over again.”
Although he could not accept material waves from the bottom of his heart, Rutherford would not express his opinion easily because of Professor Bruce's existence.
He believed in that man's intuition!
Chadwick envied:
"I originally thought that new breakthroughs were unlikely to appear in the field of theoretical physics."
"The future must be experiments." The world of physics.”
"But Heisenberg's matrix mechanics and de Broglie's material waves have broken the shackles."
"I think quantum mechanics will definitely have a deeper development in the future."
" >Rutherford nodded.
Chadwick was very satisfied with how he could look at the problem from such a high perspective.
He suddenly sighed:
"Bruce's inspiration is simply endless."
"I can't imagine that matrix mechanics and material wave theory were all completed under his guidance."
"Is that guy that guy? Is there no bottleneck in research? ”
Chadwick and others all had admiration and admiration on their faces.
"In the field of theoretical physics, Professor Bruce reached the pinnacle!"
At this time, Rutherford asked the person next to him again: "George, the professor is in good health."
Little Thomson said:
"I My father is in good health. "
Junior Thomson is now a professor of physics at the University of Aberdeen in northern England.
Because he is far away from home, he will go home to meet his father every time he returns to England.
In addition, the place he came most often was Cavendish.
Then, he said helplessly: "However, he severely criticized the material wave theory, believing that it was a carnival work of the imagined."
"I also say that the French guys just like romantic fantasies."
"He questioned, if electrons were waves, how could there be mass?"
Rutherford and others smiled knowingly when they heard this.
But the question asked by Professor Thomson is indeed very interesting.
Waves will not have mass, such as electromagnetic waves, mechanical waves, etc., which have no mass.
What's going on with the quality of the electron?
No one can understand it for the time being.
But this is normal. The material wave theory has just been published, and there is still a lot to be studied in the future.
At this time, little Thomson said again: "However, I am very optimistic about the material wave theory."
"And the verification that De Broglie said was The method is very interesting, I'm going to give it a try."
Rutherford immediately encouraged: "George, I believe you can do it." "If you really succeed, it will become another part of the field of physics." A good story. "
"The father proved that electrons are particles, and the son proved that electrons are fluctuations."
Everyone laughed.
Young Thomson scratched his head awkwardly.
I wonder if his father will be so angry that he wants to beat him up.
——
Quantum Research Institute.
When De Broglie's paper was published, everyone looked at Li Qiwei like looking at a god.
Worship!
Pull out of one's body!
"Professor Bruce is so terrifying!"
"He gave a quick tip and gave birth to an incredible theory of material waves."
"I really envy Debbs for his slightest envy. Luo Yi’s good luck! ”
Pauli said wildly: "This De Broglie is a genius!" "Although I feel he is talking nonsense, but if you think about it carefully, he is really My mother makes some sense. "
As strong as Pauli, I can't find the angle to question the material waves.
The only thing he could think of was that this theory has not been verified by experiments.
This will become the highlight of the field of experimental physics.
Paoli is a little worried about his junior brother Xiao Hai.
Although he stood firmly on Heisenberg's side, his strong intuition told him:
The theory of matter waves is likely to have an impact on matrix mechanics!
Because Professor Bruce said it very clearly.
"There is no position of waves in matrix mechanics."
But now electrons have the properties of waves.
This shows that there must be something that matrix mechanics is ignored.
But Pauli had no clue about this, and he couldn't help Heisenberg.
In the director's office.
Li Qiwei looked at the paper in his hand and couldn't help feeling emotion.
Under his influence, matrix mechanics and matter wave theory were all published in advance.
Even physicists have a much higher recognition.
In real history, after the publication of material waves, no one cares about them.
Li Qiwei smiled slightly.
Next, we need to wait for Schrödinger, who is late to achieve success.
This shocking drama of quantum mechanics is about to begin!
There is only one thing that Li Qiwei couldn't understand: "Schrödinger, you don't keep a cat, why did you propose Schrödinger's cat?"
"Is it true that it is This cat is not that cat? ”
Quantum mechanics requires a lot of preparations.
The only one who left is Schrödinger.
A single theory has nothing to discuss.
It is necessary to wait until you get them all together before you can sit down and discuss.
(This chapter ends)