Chapter 518 Shocking PhD thesis! No one dares to examine it! Go and invite the ancestor Bruce again!
The moment when De Broglie completed the theory of matter waves, his brother Morris walked in.
"Brother, there is a news. I don't know whether it's good or bad, but I need to tell you."
De Broglie felt a little strange, and he asked:
"What news?"
Morris said: "Professor Lang Zhiwan was just elected as a member of the French Academy of Sciences." "He won't spend too much time at the University of Paris next." >"So there is less time to coach you doctors."
"He told me that if you need it, he can specifically entrust other professors to guide you."
When De Broglie heard this, he immediately understood Lang Zhiwan's intention.
He smiled and said to Morris, "Of course this is good news."
"Professor deserves his entry into the Academy of Sciences. .”
“However, I no longer need his guidance.”
"Because my doctoral thesis has been completed."
De Broglie did not want to publish the theory of matter waves first in academic journals, but wrote it directly into a doctoral thesis.
Because he has been studying as a doctorate a bit too long.
He wanted to get rid of his student identity as soon as possible and truly enter the study of physics.
Wow!
Mosley was shocked.
It's only half a year, and my brother's transformation has been so big?
Suddenly, he thought of a possibility. "Uh, my brother, you are not really studying the direction Professor Bruce said, right?"
Oh my God!
Morris complained in his heart:
You kid can graduate by studying any regular subjects.
The results must be studied for wave-particle duality.
Is electrons a wave?
This is placed in a doctoral thesis. Can it pass the defense?
De Broglie smiled slightly and did not choose to answer.
His realm is no longer something that his brother Morris can understand.
The other party should study X-rays honestly.
In the next ten days, De Broglie systematically sorted out the material wave theory and added more theoretical deductions.
The last doctoral thesis with more than 100 pages has been completed.
The title is "Research on Quantum Theory".
De Broglie believes that his material wave theory is of great significance to the newly born quantum mechanics.
It unifies all microscopic particles such as photons and electrons.
The existing matrix mechanics may be able to deal with fluctuations in the future.
There was a rumor about De Broglie in later generations.
He said that he won the Nobel Prize in Physics for just one page of his doctoral thesis.
This is obviously impossible.
That one page is just an academic briefing he published, used to explain his core ideas.
De Broglie's doctoral thesis has more than 100 pages in French original version and more than 80 pages in English translation.
It is full of various mathematical formula derivation.
Therefore, De Broglie did not have any luck, and could win the Nobel Prize with just one idea.
Behind this shocking idea is a rigorous and detailed proof process.
This is the difference between civil science and real scientists!
To the present, the development of physics has long passed an era where one sentence or a formula without proof can be subverted.
You feel that you have subverted, but you actually know too little.
March 10, 1923.
De Broglie finally stepped into the University of Paris again with his thesis.
As soon as he entered the laboratory, he caused a burst of exclamation.
"Oh, my goodness!"
"Senior Brother De Broglie is here!"
Everyone hurried forward to ask about their well-being.
De Broglie, 31 years old this year, is indeed considered an older doctor.
At least among the many graduate students under Lang Zhiwan, he is the absolute big brother.
And he is kind and does not have the arrogance of a nobleman.
So, everyone in the lab loves him very much.
Everyone envies Senior Brother Debrot's elegance.
It's not a big deal for a big man like him.
After all, even if they graduated from a doctorate, they would not reach the starting point when De Broglie was born.
Life is so cruel
De Broglie smiled and said:
"I brought you some candy, please enjoy it."
Everyone cheered.
Someone asked curiously: "Senior Brother Debrouy, are you here to find Professor Lang Zhiwan today?"
"He has been doing this these days At the Academy of Sciences, I didn't come to the laboratory."
De Broglie said: "It's okay." "I'm here to submit my doctoral thesis today." He knew that Professor Lang Zhiwan would not have time in the near future , so just submit the paper first and go to the review process.
I will explain to the instructor at that time.
Anyway, Lang Zhiwan knew his research direction very well, so it would not be too abrupt.
As for whether the content of the paper is abrupt, De Broglie smiled knowingly. "I wonder if all the professors in the school have such great courage."
Everyone was shocked when he heard this!
Is the famous senior brother De Broglie finally going to graduate?
Many people only know that the topics that De Broglie studies are very difficult.
But no one knows what it is.
However, this does not prevent everyone from congratulating you quickly.
Then, De Broglie bid farewell to everyone and submitted the paper alone.
——
University of Paris, Office of the PhD Degree Review Board.
Several physicists led by Perrin formed a member of the jury.
They are responsible for the review of doctoral thesis in the fields of physics and chemical sciences at the University of Paris.
Lang Zhiwan was also a member of the jury before, but he was transferred to the Academy of Sciences for other purposes.
The education system in France is not the same as that in the UK.
The government has made great efforts to control education.
The independence of various universities and colleges is not as good as that of Cambridge University, the Royal Society and other institutions.
So, Lang Zhiwan needs to consider the government's administrative arrangements for him.
On this day, Perrin took a fixed time to come to the office as usual after his daily work.
He wants to review several latest doctoral thesis with his colleagues.
Everyone watched and chatted.
Perrin sighed and said with emotion: "Since the death of professors Beckler, Curie, Lippmann and other professors, the withering of the French physics community can be seen withered from the naked eye."
"Now, the strength of the younger generation is not as strong as that of the United Kingdom and Germany."
"Look at these papers, they are not innovative and have been researching them over and over again in some details."
"As long as this happens, I'm afraid there will be no French voices in the physics community in the future."
Heisenberg's matrix mechanics made Perrin feel the horror of the top genius.
That is the real original research in physics.
Although the other party has graduated from a doctorate, he is only in his early 20s.
Overyone is at this age and has not even graduated from undergraduate studies.
Now, the level of the papers he reviewed is incalculable and Heisenberg.
It is not a dimensional thing at all.
So, I was very disappointed in admiration.
How come France's scientific glory faded so quickly.
The genius who has been shining in the sky for too long has not been born.
Fabry smiled and said, "Professor Perrin, this is a bad word." "The younger generation of France also has a genius like Irena." br>Fabry's field of research is optics.
His most important achievement was that in 1913, he used his own invented optical interferometer to discover the ozone layer in the Earth's atmosphere that can filter ultraviolet rays.
In real history, when Chinese physicist Yan Jici studied in France, his mentor was Fabri.
So Yan Jici later became the founder of China Optical Research.
When Perrin heard this, he smiled and said, "Fortunately Madame Curie gave birth to a good daughter."
"I didn't expect that the French physics community would actually want to Rely on women to support it.”
Although Irena's current academic achievements are not enough to make her famous in the physics community.
But the identity of a woman still has a certain blessing effect.
But what Perrin really wants to wait for is a peerless genius like Pauli and Heisenberg.
Soon after, the last person left the paper for this review.
After seeing the question, Perrin couldn't help but smile and said:
"Wow!"
"This topic is very courageous."
"I just don't know what the content is."
"Don't be a flashy work again." br>
Then he saw the author's name: Louis Victor de Broglie.
Suddenly, a burst of exclamations rang in the room. "Good guy, has our future Duke submitted his doctoral thesis?"
Everyone found it very novel.
When de Broglie chose to pursue a doctorate under Professor Lang Zhiwan, it also caused a sensation in the Department of Physics of the University of Paris.
Although his brother Morris was even a duke when he was studying for a doctorate.
However, Morris has limited talent and mediocre academic achievements, so naturally there is not much discussion.
And De Broglie is different.
He is a genius recognized by many people.
In particular, he also crossed from history to physics. Such legendary experience added a touch of mystery to him.
The most important thing is that it is said that De Broglie was once looked at by Professor Bruce.
This is amazing!
Any genius praised by Professor Bruce himself is not a well-known figure in the academic world now.
Professor Bruce's mouth is even more valuable than a golden sign.
But, good fortune often makes people beat you up.
De Broglie, who is loved by all the people, has been studying for four or five years.
I have not achieved any special achievements so far, but I have published a few small papers that are not painful.
This makes many people feel a little regretful.
Perran, Fabri and others became interested in an instant, with smiles on their faces.
They want to see how good the future Duke is.
However, everyone did not have too much expectations.
De Broglie's brother, Duke Morris, has been studying X-rays for more than ten years and has found nothing yet.
The younger brother may not have any major changes.
However, as they read the paper, the smile on their faces gradually disappeared, replaced by endless shock!
"Matter Wave Theory!"
"Electronics are waves!"
"Electronic wavelength equation: [λ=h/p]!"
"Everything is fluctuating!"
"All matter in the world has the duality of wave-particle!"
"All matter in the world has the wave-particle duality!" >
Hiss!
The sound of gasping in the room suddenly sounded.
Everyone was extremely shocked!
The shocking thoughts in the paper made their brains go down. "This is too bold!" Fabry's eyes were so huge that he stared at the paper incredibly.
In fact, he couldn't understand De Broglie's derivation process in the paper.
The various knowledge used in it has exceeded his vision.
But one of the parts made him amazed.
That is that De Broglie made a detailed comparison of geometric optics and classical mechanics. The various behaviors of light have a high similarity to the behavior of particles.
This indirectly verifies the assumption that particles have volatility.
"What a stunning idea!" Fabri couldn't help but exclaim.
He quickly looked at Perrin and found that the latter was still in shock, with his hands trembling slightly.
At this moment, huge waves seemed to be stirring up in Perrin's heart.
This paper made his soul tremble.
The conclusion is really too amazing!
"The real material existence actually fluctuates?"
Although there is some content, Perrin can't understand it.
But this wild thought conquered him.
This is academic innovation!
No mistakes, one song, one content, one in 6, one book, one bar, one reading!
And the derivation in the paper is reasonable and well-founded, combining the wave-particle duality of light and the theory of relativity, perfectly blending.
For a moment, Perrin was stunned.
He didn't know how to evaluate this doctoral thesis.
It was not only him, but all the professors in the jury were silent.
This has never happened before.
Faced with such shocking papers, they didn't know what to do.
Although the argumentation process of the paper seems to be very rigorous, it cites various cutting-edge theories.
But this conclusion is really unbelievable!
It sounds like nonsense.
This sense of contradiction tortures everyone.
Suddenly.
Perran, Fabri and others looked at each other and saw shock in each other's eyes.
After a while, Fabry first said: "Does this paper be rejected first?"
As soon as he finished speaking, Perrin immediately said: "No!"
"Never make a decision so early."
"Although a few of us can't understand, Professor Lang Zhiwan is one of the few people who understand both relativity and quantum theory. "
"De Broglie is still his student."
"I think this paper needs to be handed over to him as soon as possible."
Everyone nodded.
Although Lang Zhiwan is a few years younger than everyone present, his authority is unquestionable.
As Professor Curie's favorite disciple, his academic level of physics is recognized.
Someone asked:
"But Professor Lang Zhiwan is still in the Academy of Sciences, how can I give it to him?"
Perlan said directly:
"This is easy."
"I will take it directly Just go find him with the paper."
Wow!
Everyone was shocked.
They could feel Professor Perrin's excitement.
At the same time, aren't they too excited?
This paper by de Broglie may rewrite the foundation of the entire physics.
For hundreds of years, the material world on which humans have been surviving has been volatile.
Even based on the formulas in the paper, the wavelength of a matter can be calculated.
This is even more fantasy than a fantasy!
If this paper is really correct, then everyone can't imagine what kind of sensation it will cause.
"The French physics community is probably going to really produce a peerless genius!"
——
The center of Paris, on the south bank of the Seine River.
The authoritative organization in the field of science in France is located here: the French Academy of Sciences.
France's academic system is slightly different from other countries.
Its highest academic institution is called the French Society, which has five branches, namely:
The French Academy, responsible for the French language;
The French Academy of Arts is responsible for literature;
The French Academy of Sciences is responsible for natural sciences;
The French Academy of Arts is responsible for art;
The French Academy of Arts is responsible for morality and politics.
Among them, the French Academy of Sciences is an authoritative institution in the field of natural sciences in France.
Its predecessor dates back to 1666.
In history, physics giants such as Huygens and Laplace have served as presidents of the French Academy of Sciences.
At the same time, it is also the largest institution among the five colleges that have experienced the most changes and scale.
This reflects the lofty status of science.
Now, Lang Zhiwan is an academician of the French Academy of Sciences and one of the youngest academicians.
He has ambitions to make the French Academy of Sciences aligned with the Royal Society one day.
This not only requires strong publicity, but also requires a steady stream of talented juniors to replenish them.
In this era, young people have infinite creativity.
At this moment, Lang Zhiwan is processing documents in the office.
Suddenly, he saw Perrin walking in, holding a thick book in his hand.
He felt confused, so he smiled and said, "Professor Perlan, why are you here?"
When he heard this, Perlan sat opposite Lang Zhiwan and said excitedly:
"Look at this paper."
After saying that, he handed over the paper in his hand.
Lang Zhiwan was a little confused.
What is this operation.
How did the other party bring the paper here for him to review.
He is no longer a member of the jury.
Realistically speaking, there is no right to view these papers.
However, out of politeness, he took it over.
As a result, I was shocked when I saw the name.
"Ah!"
"How come it is De Broglie's thesis?"
"Why didn't I know that his doctoral thesis has been completed."
"Oh my God, what's going on?"
Lang Zhiwan was speechless.
Broil is too unreliable for his morality.
Before submitting your doctoral thesis, don’t give your supervisor a look first.
But then he felt relieved.
"Forget it, let's read the paper first."
One minute
Two minutes.
Five minutes.
A full half an hour. If you don't say anything.
But the expression on his face changed several times.
From helplessness to surprise, then curiosity, then shock, and finally dull.
"Oh! God!"
"Is this paper really written by De Broglie?"
"I'm not dreaming!"
Lang Zhiwan even patted his face with his hands.
It turns out that it is not a dream.
The shock this paper brought to him can no longer be described in words.
It's really incredible and shocking.
He even felt that this was a fantasy before his death when an older doctorate graduated from a hopeless doctorate.
"How is this possible?"
"Is electrons actually wave?"
"Even everything is fluctuating?"
Huh!
Lang Zhi let out a deep breath.
At this moment, De Broglie's image in his mind was completely overturned.
It turns out that the other party is not giving up on himself, but is silently studying such a theories.
The reason why people don't come to the laboratory is also very simple, because no one can help him.
Although Lang Zhiwan can understand the paper, he will definitely not give any useful suggestions when asked.
Because of his scientific views, he did not allow him to accept such a rebellious view.
He even doubted how many people would accept this doctoral thesis if it was published.
In real history, after de Broglie's paper was published, only two people accepted his views.
One is Einstein and the other is Schrödinger.
It was not until the volatility of electrons was experimentally verified that physicists gradually accepted this reality.
At this moment, Lang Zhiwan felt a little ashamed.
He really has less guidance and care for De Broglie.
His doctoral creation has created such a stunning theory, but as a mentor, he has not helped much.
I have to say that this is a regret.
He now knows why Professor Perrin came to him specifically.
Because the entire jury didn't know how to treat this doctoral thesis.
In particular, De Broglie's identity is very special.
This makes the paper review more difficult.
After thinking for a while, Lang Zhiwan made up his mind and said, "Professor Perrin, I think this paper by De Broglie is too much influence."
" So, we need a more authoritative person to check it out."
"I want to send the paper to Professor Bruce and ask him to review it."
"At the same time, I immediately found De Broglie and talked with him about the paper's situation."
Perland pointed at the same time. I think this method is very appropriate.
With Professor Bruce's vision, he will definitely be able to accurately evaluate the value of this paper.
Besides, the other party just helped Heisenberg establish matrix mechanics.
Maybe it will also help De Broglie improve the material wave theory.
For a moment, he was a little envious of De Broglie. "Just do what you said!"
The matter was urgent, and Lang Zhiwan couldn't take care of his work.
He and Perrin immediately returned to the University of Paris.
On the way back, Lang Zhiwan looked excited and said expectantly: "I hope this paper by de Broglie is a prelude to the rise of our French physics."
The two met He looked at it and laughed.
When Li Qiwei received the paper sent by Lang Zhiwan from France, he smiled slightly.
Even if he can't understand the paper, he still knows what the content is.
"Water-particle duality!"
"It's finally coming out!"
Li Qiwei felt that compared to matrix mechanics, De Broglie's theory of matter waves may be more important.
Because it allows physicists to truly recognize the complexity of the essence of the world for the first time.
No one can understand, how can real matter fluctuate?
Since matter is a wave, why can’t people penetrate walls?
This is an explanation that quantum mechanics needs to be given.
All the developments of quantum theory can be said to be caused by wave-particle duality.
So, in real history, when Einstein saw De Broglie's paper, he sighed:
"This young man's paper brings a big curtain. Open a corner."
And now, it is Li Qiwei's turn to give such an evaluation.
In his reply to Lang Zhiwan, he wrote:
"This paper shines the first ray of light that shines on the biggest problem in physics."
"I I agree with the viewpoint, pass the review, and recommend it to be published publicly."
When Lang Zhiwan received Li Qiwei's evaluation, he had already learned the cause and effect through De Broglie.
It turns out that the inspiration of the material wave theory also comes from Professor Bruce.
He was shocked to the extreme.
However, Lang Zhiwan still exclaimed: "De Broglie, you are not obsessed with Professor Bruce's ideas, but instead take it to the next level."
"This is your honor!"
Then, he suddenly said: "I'm just worried." "How many people in the physics community will admit your theory?"
(End of this chapter)