Chapter 523 The pinnacle of human wisdom! History of the Tao in Quantum Mechanics! Li Qiwei's choice! Quantum dominance!
Quantum Research Institute.
The atmosphere is a bit awkward.
Because of the dispute between matrix mechanics and wave dynamics, the relationship between Heisenberg and Schrödinger went on a sudden turn.
Although the two of them are not enemies, the dispute over Taoism is not so easy to resolve.
This makes everyone in the institute feel addicted to eating melons. "Exciting! Exciting!" "I like watching such a genius killing plot!" "The two are equal, and no one can do anything to each other."
"btw, I personally like wave dynamics."
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Heisenberg felt lonely in the institute.
He specifically paid attention to the recent publication of papers in major physics journals.
A very sad fact came to:
More than 90% of the papers on quantum mechanics use wave dynamics architecture.
He even saw Born's paper.
"Ah!"
"Boen, you traitor!"
"You are also a big shot who has participated in the creation of matrix mechanics."
< br>"How can this be done!"
Heisenberg felt the feeling of being betrayal of his relatives.
The only thing that comforted him was that Senior Brother Pauli had been silently supporting him.
Paoli said to him personally: "Matrix mechanics is the orthodox of quantum mechanics!"
Paoli is really good enough. For this sentence, he also published a message. A paper.
Based on matrix mechanics, Pauli introduced a new matrix called Pauli Matrix.
Using it, the relationship between magnetic field and spin can be better explained.
He perfected and expanded matrix mechanics in details.
There is a fatal disadvantage of wave dynamics, which is that it is insufficient description of electron spin.
Pauli has now even strengthened the description of spin by matrix mechanics.
The gap was widened again in an instant.
Heisenberg was overjoyed. "This is the real brother!"
The struggle between Heisenberg and Schrödinger continued.
Most of the people in the institute were eating melons, but one person was mixed with feelings.
Irena sat quietly in the office alone.
Her thoughts have long since flown to where they are.
She doesn't care who is orthodox in matrix mechanics and wave dynamics.
In her opinion, this is something that can be solved by meetings to discuss.
Because the truth becomes clearer the more it is debated, she believes that Professor Bruce will definitely give a final result.
What Irena cares about is why every time this kind of physical world is started by men?
A variety of new theoretical systems were first proposed by men.
This made her very dissatisfied.
"We women can also set off a scientific frenzy!"
Although Irena has made some contribution to the concept of power, it is not enough to make her dominant power that affects the academic community.
After all, the concept of power was first conceived by Professor Bruce.
So, she needs to make innovative breakthroughs!
Just like Heisenberg and Schrödinger, the entire physics community was sensational.
Unfortunately, her doctoral program has been progressing slowly so far.
There has never been any particularly significant discovery in the field of nuclear power.
So Irena was powerless and she was very upset now.
"Where is my way?"
Erena didn't know at this moment that her brilliant destiny had not arrived yet.
After quantum mechanics, she will set off a new world of physics.
And in that great world, there will be a terrible theory that can reshape the world's pattern: uranium nuclear fission!
It is not an exaggeration to describe its importance in any language.
In this life, Li Qiwei will use it to reach the true supreme peak!
But now, he has to solve the more urgent problems quickly.
Matrix mechanics, wave dynamics, who is the orthodox of quantum mechanics?
In real history, quantum mechanics, from birth to development to final improvement, can be said to gather the wisdom of all the top geniuses in the world.
Therefore, its history is very, very wonderful.
From the overall framework, it can be divided into three stages: old quantum theory, transition period, and quantum mechanics.
The old quantum theory is centered on Planck's quantum concept, Einstein's wave-particle duality of light, and Bohr's quantum orbital model.
The transition period is De Broglie's theory of material waves as a bridge connecting the past and the future.
Finally, we enter the stage of quantum mechanics.
This stage is more complex and the process is more tortuous than the old quantum theory.
It can be roughly divided into the following periods.
First, the first period.
Heisenberg and Schrödinger proposed matrix mechanics and wave dynamics respectively, thus breaking out a war between the two factions.
But the debate at this time was mainly about issues within the field of quantum mechanics.
During this period, Born proposed the famous [Probability Explanation]. (Detailed explanation later)
This explanation is about the meaning of the wave function ψ in the wave equation.
Schrödinger believes that electron waves are just like ordinary water waves, and the wave function represents the regular changes of electron waves with time and space.
But Born believes that the wave function ψ is not an electron wave, nor does it diffuse and move like a real wave.
He believes that electron waves are a probability wave.
It turns out that Born's probability explanation is correct.
So, some people made fun of "Schrödinger does not understand Schrödinger's equation."
It means that Schrödinger's explanation of the wave function in the wave equation he proposed is wrong.
But neither Schrödinger nor Einstein acknowledge the probability explanation.
Then, the second period.
In the first period, Schrödinger was defeated due to wave function problems.
Although he himself did not admit it, the mainstream in the physics community accepted Born's probability explanation.
In addition, Schrödinger's failure did not affect wave dynamics is still the favorite version.
Even the probability explanation makes wave dynamics more mature and perfect.
So, Heisenberg is very uncomfortable.
It clearly defeated Schrödinger, but instead made the opponent's wave dynamics more popular than matrix mechanics.
Under this extreme emotion, Heisenberg's inspiration exploded and rose against the will of heaven.
He proposed a more amazing theory based on matrix mechanics.
That is the famous [Principle of Uncertainty]!
That is, it is impossible to determine the position and momentum of microscopic particles at the same time.
This theory made Heisenberg's matrix mechanics shine.
At the same time, Schrödinger himself proved mathematically that wave dynamics and matrix mechanics are actually equivalent.
This means that neither theory is wrong.
But the physical basis of the two is completely different.
When do electrons become waves and particles?
How to confirm?
This shows that there must be a deeper reason, which leads to such an incredible situation.
Quantum mechanics urgently needs to create a new theory to reconcile the contradiction between particles and waves.
In this case, Bohr took action!
Quantum mechanics enters its third period.
At this time, Bohr was the well-deserved leader in the field of quantum mechanics. So, although Heisenberg is half of his disciple, he did not favor the other party.
Bolhl believes that the fluctuation of wave dynamics and the particle nature of matrix mechanics are correct and should be considered at the same time.
In other words, he believes that Heisenberg and Schrödinger are both wrong.
But how to unify the two contradictions?
When Bohr was relaxing in Norway, he realized the perfect solution after an epiphany.
That is the famous [Complementary Principle]!
He believes that when describing a single quantum object, any unilateral description is incomplete.
Only by considering both particle nature and fluctuation at the same time, a complete description of a single quantum object can be formed.
This view sounds a bit nonsense, but it contains the most profound connotation of quantum mechanics.
When explaining the principle of complementarity in mathematical form, two important concepts are extended.
【Principle of State Superposition】 and 【Wave function collapse】.
These two concepts are closely related to the later single-electron double-slit interference experiment.
In the eyes of ordinary people, the double-slit experiment that is mysterious and shattered in the three views is perfectly explained by the principle of complementarity.
No mistakes, one poem, one post, one content, one in 6, one book, one bar, one read!
Not mysterious at all!
As for the further delay selection experiments and quantum erase experiments based on the double-slit interference experiments, it is not mysterious at all.
They can all be easily explained by the complementary principle.
At this point, the framework of quantum mechanics has been completely completed.
However, there is still a small problem.
That is the problem that wave dynamics cannot explain electron spin.
So Dirac emerged from nowhere. He combined special relativity with quantum mechanics and proposed Dirac equation.
This equation can perfectly explain electron spins and completely make up for the final shortcomings of quantum mechanics.
Then, Dirac, based on this, opened up the framework of [Quantum Field Theory], providing the most powerful theoretical tool for later particle physics.
However, that is another line, so I won't talk about it in detail here.
At this time, someone may ask:
Huh? No, right.
"God doesn't roll dice!";
"I don't look at the moon, will the moon not exist?";
"Schrödinger's cat"; >
"Quantum entanglement".
Why haven't these classic content appeared yet?
Don't be anxious.
After the end of the third period, led by Bohr, Heisenberg, Pauli, Born and others formed the famous Copenhagen school in the field of quantum mechanics.
The core concept of the Copenhagen School is the famous [Copenhagen Interpretation].
It contains three contents: Born's probability explanation, Heisenberg's principle of uncertainty, and Bohr's principle of complementarity.
Bor and others challenge the heroes of the world with Copenhagen’s interpretation!
And these heroes were led by Einstein.
After Born proposed a probability explanation, Einstein wrote to Bohr in private.
He believes that the essence of the world cannot be instant probability.
This puts forward the famous saying "God does not roll dice".
When Bohr proposed the principle of complementarity, state superposition, and wave function collapse, Einstein jumped out and objected.
The rebuttal words were: "If I don't look at the moon, will the moon not exist?"
Finally, these contradictions broke out in a concentrated manner at the 5th Solvay Conference in 1927. !
So, the most well-known conference in human history was born.
At this Solvay Conference, Bohr was powerful and had a huge combat power, making Einstein and others speechless in refutation.
Whether it is rolling dice or looking at the moon, it is all solved under the interpretation of Copenhagen.
The conservative party led by Einstein and Schrödinger and De Broglie were defeated!
However, Einstein was not convinced by Bohr, and he did not give up.
Then, at the 6th Solvay Conference in 1930, another war broke out between the two sides.
This time, Einstein pointed to the principle of uncertainty.
He proposed the famous "Einstein Light Box".
As soon as this thought experiment was released, Heisenberg and others panicked.
Einstein was about to win, but at the last moment, Bohr took action again.
Copenhagen interprets the second victory!
Einstein suffered two defeats in succession, but he still became more and more braver in the battle.
Finally, in 1935, he launched his last attack on quantum mechanics!
He and his assistants published a paper with only a few pages, called the "EPR Paper".
This paper questions the completeness of quantum mechanics.
As soon as the article was released, the academic community was sensation!
Everyone felt that Einstein was going to win this time.
But joy leads to sorrow, Bohr took action for the third time!
This time, he proposed the famous concept of [quantum entanglement].
The doubts of EPR paper were shattered in one fell swoop.
Einstein was disheartened from then on.
At this point, the Copenhagen School has become the absolute authority in the field of quantum mechanics.
What a terrible and proud record to defeat Einstein three times!
The name of Bohr is so terrifying!
However, just as the Copenhagen School was excited.
Things turn around again!
Just two and a half years later.
Einstein's number one general and loyal younger brother, Schrödinger suddenly exploded.
He launched the last blow from the conservatives.
In many people, this is the dying struggle of Einstein and others.
But it was this blow that hit the Copenhagen School hard!
Schrödinger never believed in concepts such as probability explanation or wave function collapse.
He skillfully introduced these incredible concepts to the macro world.
Then he proposed the most famous thought experiment in the field of quantum mechanics.
【Schrödinger's Cat】!
As soon as the fourth divine beast appeared, everyone in the world was shocked.
This time, the Copenhagen School could no longer solve the cat.
Even if Bohr takes action, it won't work.
Because it combines human consciousness with the objective world.
Even more incredible than the Copenhagen interpretation itself.
To this day, Schrödinger's cat is still an unsolvable problem.
In order to explain this problem, some other quantum mechanics explanations were developed in later generations.
For example: parallel universe theory, etc.
But these theories are not perfect.
So, Schrödinger's cat is so famous!
It is still like a ghost, floating in the world of quantum mechanics, waiting for the final verdict.
The above is the entire historical context of quantum mechanics and the Copenhagen School.
It is no exaggeration to say that this is a magnificent and magnificent peak history of human wisdom.
Every time Li Qiwei looks back on this history, he will feel a feeling of admiration.
The collision of thoughts of many peerless geniuses shines out the most dazzling spark of human rationality!
But at the same time, he would also feel a deep regret.
Because this history of development of quantum mechanics may become a masterpiece in human history!
Unprecedented, no one comes afterwards!
It is impossible for so many top physicists to gather together to discuss the eternal for pure academic purposes!
But!
Li Qiwei is lucky!
Now, he has come to this era.
His current status surpassed Einstein and Bohr.
So, how will he lead this greatest academic theory?
It's a domineering world, and one person fights the world alone!
It's still a transcendent person, overlooking the quantum genius!
This chapter is a work of hard work.
First let everyone understand the real history of the development of quantum mechanics.
Then you can understand how the protagonist is pretending.
The two choices at the end, which one do you like.
Interested readers can leave a message in this chapter.
The first type is 1, and the second type is 2.
I will refer to your opinions briefly.
The two ways of pretending are still a bit different.
(This chapter ends)