Chapter 525 Shocking Speech! Thermal and quantum mechanics! The source of probability! The last barrier to classic physics!
October 20, 1923.
Netherlands, Amsterdam.
Li Qiwei's first arrival was warmly welcomed by the Dutch government.
Mustrum Mayor Job led many Dutch government and academic figures to greet him personally.
He said: "The arrival of all physicists will make the city of Amsterdam shine with the glory of science."
"This must be a great conference that has been celebrated in history!"
This conference on quantum mechanics theory , held at the University of Amsterdam in the city of Amsterdam.
The university was founded in 1632 and its management operation is very special.
It is not as free as the British universities, but is directly governed by the government parliament.
The president of the University of Amsterdam is the mayor of Amsterdam.
All professors hired by the school must also be approved by the city council.
This management system was not abolished until decades later.
However, thanks to the progressive style of the Amsterdam City Council, the University of Amsterdam still has great academic freedom.
So far, 4 people have won the Nobel Prize.
Two of them won the Nobel Prize in Physics, namely Van der Waals and Seyman.
After the welcome ceremony, Seyman accompanied Lichwei to visit the University of Amsterdam.
At the sincere invitation of Mayor Job and academic tycoons, Li Qiwei will deliver an academic speech here in two days.
It can also be regarded as a recipe for the next quantum mechanics conference.
Everyone looked forward to it.
Professor Bruce’s speech must not be missed!
After Seyman's introduction, Li Qiwei shook hands with the professors and teachers of the University of Amsterdam one by one.
Among them, Li Qiwei also met Van der Waal's son, Van der Waal Jr.
He sighed: "Professor Van der Waal's departure is a major loss to the physics community."
Van der Waal passed away in March this year.
He is the first professor of physics in the history of the University of Amsterdam, and he has made important contributions to the fields of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.
The famous intermolecular force in later generations - Van der Waals, was named after him.
When Li Qiwei was famous all over the world, the old man had already retired.
The other party lives in seclusion in the countryside, and they take a walk and read every day.
So, Li Qiwei did not have much intersection with Van der Waal.
Van der Waal Jr. took over his father's position and is now a professor of physics at the University of Amsterdam.
He was particularly excited when he met the legendary Professor Bruce for the first time.
"Professor Bruce, thank you for your evaluation."
"My father talked about you more than once during his lifetime."
"He said you are a genius in physics that has never been seen in hundreds of years!"
"You invited him to the meeting several times before, but he refused."
"It's not the arrogant father, But he said in person: It’s useless to go, the old man.”
Van der Waals explained the reason specifically to show respect.
Li Qiwei and everyone were deeply moved after hearing this.
As a figure of the same generation as big shots such as Maxwell, Van der Waal has seen countless geniuses.
When he was young, he was also a person admired by others.
So, he didn't want to be a useless person in his later years.
In an era of drastic changes in physics in the early 20th century, everyone's choices and mentality are different.
Only by flowing across the sea, the true nature of a hero will be revealed!
The next day, Lorentz and Ellenfest arrived one after another, and the latter also brought Urenbeck and Goodsmit.
Lorenz smiled generously and said, "Bruce, you are finally willing to hold a meeting in the Netherlands."
Li Qiwei said helplessly:
" The political situation in Europe has been a bit complicated recently, so I had to choose a neutral country like the Netherlands."
Lorentz was also very moved when he heard this.
Although this era is the golden age of science, it is also an era full of chaos and order does not exist.
But he didn't have much worry in his heart.
Europe has just experienced a world-class war, and it is impossible for something even more serious than that.
The current various wind directions are just a struggle for thought.
Just like the debate between wave dynamics and matrix mechanics in quantum mechanics.
So, after chatting for a while, the topic returned to academics.
Erenfest asked with a smile: "Professor Bruce, Heisenberg and Schrödinger are both people from the Institute of Quantum Studies."
"You will support it." Who? ”
Li Qiwei smiled mysteriously and said a meaningful sentence: "It's too early to talk about winning or losing."
Urenbeck and Goodsmit were unaware of it.
"Is this a profound feeling?"
"It's so cool."
October 22.
The University of Amsterdam is full of people and very lively.
Countless Dutch teachers and students came here because of Professor Bruce's speech.
It has been a full decade since the last time he gave a speech at Leiden University.
So, this is another rare opportunity.
Surrounded by everyone, Li Qiwei came to the school’s report hall.
At this moment, the hall was already crowded with people and full of seats.
Seman, as the host, first delivered a warm welcome speech.
Li Qiwei slowly walked up to the podium under the anticipated gaze.
At this moment, his momentum suppressed the audience!
"Today's topics are thermal science and quantum mechanics."
"Actually, I came up with this topic temporarily."
"Because I came to the University of Amsterdam, I thought of it. Therefore, Professor Van der Waal. "
"He laid the foundation for the physical development of the University of Amsterdam, and his main research direction was thermal science." "
"So, naturally, I Thinking of the history of the development of hot science. ”
"With the rapid development of modern physics, many people's enthusiasm for classical physics has greatly decreased."
"And thermology is probably the most neglected field in classical physics."
< "Many people here probably take it for granted in their hearts."
"What is the best study of heat? The four laws of hot and cold phenomena are perfect enough."
" But, I want to say, you are wrong! ”
"Thermal science is very, very important, and the development of quantum mechanics is closely related to thermal science!"
Wow!
Li Qiwei was shocked by everyone as soon as the show started!
This is Professor Bruce's personal style, seeing the big ones from the small.
He can always discover the most profound truth from the most common and overlooked places.
It makes people suddenly realize that they are so admirable. "Ah? Is Hot Science so awesome? It can still be related to high-end quantum mechanics?" "Now there are very few doctoral students studying Hot Science topics." >
"Everyone is studying relativity and quantum mechanics in one go."
"."
Everyone was very curious about why ordinary hot science became so important in Professor Bruce's mouth. Van der Waal Jr. was even more touched. His own field of research is hot science.
Professor Bruce is so concerned about Responsibility that he even knows his father's achievements.
At this time, Li Qiwei continued: "Hot and cold phenomena are one of the earliest natural phenomena observed by people."
"But before, people could only feel and utilize this phenomenon, but were unable to study its principles."
"It was not until the early 18th century that with the establishment of metrological temperature, thermal science finally entered science like mechanics, like science The road to experiment. "
"But the thermal science of this period studied primary basic concepts, such as temperature, work, heat, etc., and did not form a logical deduction system. "
"About heat The essence of the matter is that there are two views: heat and heat dynamics theory. "
"The former regards heat as an indestructible fluid substance. If an object contains more heat and mass, then it will be The temperature is higher."
"The latter considers a macro manifestation of a form of motion of hot objects."
The most new ⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小⊥小
"Until Joule proved the correctness of the thermal work equivalent with precise experiments, the thermal mass theory was abandoned."
"Physicists realized that the thermal dynamic theory was correct, It is related to the irregular movement of a large number of molecules. "
"So, thermal science has moved from the stage of studying basic concepts to the second stage of studying thermal phenomena and their laws."
< br>
"According to the different research methods, the second stage of thermal science is divided into thermodynamics and statistical mechanics."
"Thermodynamics is to study the thermal properties of objects from the perspective of [macroscopic]."
" So the word "force" is because the heat science at this time is like mechanics. With the logical derivation of mathematics, it is no longer just an explanation of concepts. "
"For example, studying the gas compression process of a certain volume." "Thermodynamics is to study the three state functions of temperature, internal energy, and entropy during the compression process, and describe this system."
"Its foundation is the three major ones, not now it should be said to be the four major laws of thermodynamics."
" These four laws are just like Newton's law, making the foundation of thermodynamics unbreakable."
" Since thermal science can be studied from a macro perspective, can we try it from a micro perspective? "
"So, statistical mechanics came into being." "
"It is from the [micro] molecular movement Study the thermal phenomenon of objects from an angle.”
"It's still the example above."
"If you use traditional mechanics to study gases, you need to establish mechanical equations for a large number of gas molecules."
"This is impossible to accomplish Task. "
" And statistical mechanics uses probability statistics methods to make microscopic explanations of the thermal properties of macroscopic objects composed of large numbers of particles." "
"The famous ideal gas state equation pV=nRT is the result of statistical mechanics. ”
"Most of Professor Van der Waal's work falls into the category of statistical mechanics."
"Its core is the probability distribution function."
"The core work in this area was by Boltzmann Completed with Maxwell and others.”
Wow!
Li Qiwei's in-depth and easy-to-understand analysis gave the students present a new understanding of the hot learning.
From phenomenon to concept, and then from concept to theory.
As one of the three major branches of classical physics, the names of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics came about this. "The swelling posture." "No wonder that thermodynamics and statistical mechanics are put together every time." "It turns out that they are studying the same content. , it’s just that the research angle and method are different. ”
Ellenfest, in the front row, was moved when he heard the instructor's name.
He still cannot face this terrible tragedy.
At this time, everyone suddenly wondered:
"Professor Bruce talked about the history of the development of thermal science, but what does it have to do with quantum mechanics?"
Li Qiwei's majestic Scan the eyes and then said:
"I saw doubt in your eyes."
"How do you think the high-end quantum mechanics can have a relationship with stupid and thick thermal science?"
"First of all, The birth of the concept of quantum comes from bold radiation. "
"Bold body radiation is a standard thermodynamic model." "
"With the establishment of quantum mechanics, I found that it has a profound understanding of statistical mechanics. contact. ”
"Because statistical mechanics studies the movement of a large number of microscopic particles, while quantum mechanics studies the movement of a single microscopic particle."
" Perhaps there are some principles and connections that we don't know, waiting for discovery."
"If you pay attention to the latest physics progress, you can find that quantum statistics is now in the direction of "quantum statistics and statistical mechanics" "The research directions of quantum statistics and statistical mechanics are the same."
" But they have essential differences. ”
"Quantum statistics believe that microscopic particles follow the laws of quantum mechanics rather than classical mechanics."
"So, this will lead to many unexpected results."
"As far as I know, The one who has done the best in this regard is Professor Fowler of Cambridge University. "
"Dr. Dirac, his subordinate, has published several very innovative papers."
"I even perfected my stellar evolution theory."
"I think this will be a new field in which quantum mechanics and thermal science combines."
"Maybe one day, theories and concepts in thermal science will in turn help the development of quantum mechanics."
Wow!
Everyone was shocked!
What Professor Bruce said opened their eyes!
"Oh! God! So it's possible that thermal science can be studied like this?"
"The gold medal in the Olympics is awesome, and Dirac could actually think of applying quantum mechanics to statistical mechanics."
"Sure enough If you can't find a good result, you can only blame people for not being able to do it, not the direction. "
"There is a lot to do!"
Lorentz, Seyman, Ellenfest and others were also shocked. Incomparable.
Professor Bruce's perspective is something they have never thought of.
They suddenly thought that the core of statistical mechanics is the probability distribution. "Can probability be used in quantum mechanics?" "How to use it?" Li Qiwei looked at everyone's expressions and smiled slightly.
In real history, bigwigs such as Einstein and Planck attached great importance to hot science.
Because the thermal science is self-contained, it is extremely perfect.
The later theory of relativity and quantum mechanics claimed to have subverted everything in classical physics.
But only the study of heat is always unmoved, which is the last barrier.
On the contrary, it played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics.
For example, Fermi Dirac statistics, Bose-Einstein statistics, etc., are all developed based on statistical mechanics.
Even Schrödinger's fluctuation equation, Born's probability explanation, are inspirations found in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.
After later generations, physicists tried to quantize heat using quantum mechanics to form a brand new theory.
But so far, no major results have been achieved.
Von Neumann once said: Through probability, thermodynamics establishes a connection with quantum mechanics.
It can be seen from this that the importance of thermal science to quantum mechanics.
After the cheers and applause of the audience, Li Qiwei ended his speech.
At this moment, everyone still doesn't understand the true value of this speech.
They just think Professor Bruce's perspective is very novel.
The old antique field of thermal science is actually combined with quantum mechanics.
But soon, everyone will be shocked and extremely upset.
"Oh my God! So hot learning is so important!"
(The end of this chapter)