Chapter 526 The power of matrix mechanics! Heisenberg's trump card! Prove nuclear isomers! The whole audience was shocked!
October 25, 1923.
University of Amsterdam, Netherlands, senior meeting room.
The highly anticipated quantum mechanics conference is about to begin.
The world's top physicists gathered here to make this ordinary conference room shine.
At the invitation of Li Qiwei, a total of 21 people, including him, attended the meeting.
The list is as follows:
Lichvi, Planck, Einstein, Born, Somalfi, Lorentz, Ellenfest, Lang Zhiwan, Bohr, Lu Serford, Fowler;
Schrödinger, De Broglie, Heisenberg, Pauli, Dirac, Koronig, Urenbeck, Goodsmit, Compton, Wu Youxun.
The common point of these people is that they are experts in the field of research that mainly involve quantum mechanics.
Mrs. Curie, Laue, Miligan and other experimental masters took the initiative to reject Li Qiwei's invitation.
Because they knew that the purpose of this conference was to try to resolve the debate on quantum mechanics for the first time.
What is needed is a physicist who specializes in the field.
With the continuous development of quantum mechanics, it will definitely intersect with experiments and even other fields.
There must be even larger conferences at that time.
They took advantage of this time to actively learn about quantum mechanics and look forward to the next meeting.
Li Qiwei did not continue to force this.
Because next year's 4th Bruce Conference is the real main battlefield!
Even so, the list of participants at this conference is enough to shock the academic community.
At this moment, the people in the conference room represent the absolute authority of quantum mechanics!
As the host, Lorentz first started humorously: "Some people retired, and they no longer care about professional matters, but cultivated some hobbies to cultivate sentiment."
"Some people retire on vacation, and occasionally they have to show their presence."
"I want to thank Professor Bruce for giving me a chance to retire like this old guy who is fake. Show my presence."
Everyone laughed loudly when he heard this.
Lorentz is the kind of physical master who can't rest.
He continued: "Today, we are gathered here to discuss the orthodox issues of matrix mechanics and wave dynamics."
"These two theories , I have studied all of them seriously and also used them to study my previous atomic spectroscopy topics. "
"I have to say that both theories are very wonderful and perfect."
"I feel that young people are really amazing today, one is better than the other."
"Open debate on the right and wrong of the two theories is undoubtedly the most exciting event in the scientific community."
" > "A few days ago, Professor Bruce gave a speech here, and also mentioned the debate between the heat-quality theory and the heat-dynamic theory."
"That is a typical example."
"Looking at the history of science, there are many such examples."
"For example, the phlogistin theory and oxidation theory in the chemical industry." "But, have you found a problem?" "The above theories must have won the winner in the end."
"Through theory or experiments, scientists have sufficient reasons to verify who is right and who is wrong."
"This is a very simple but also very correct view of science."
"That is, if the fullest debate is allowed, then the right theory will eventually be found."
"But the wave-particle dispute breaks this inherent thinking."
"From the Newton's light grains said, when Thomas Young's fluctuation said, it was about to win. "
"As a result, Bruce proposed the wave-particle duality of light." "
"He It is believed that light is both particle and fluctuating."
"This shows that the light particles and fluctuations are not wrong. They just describe one side."
"Then, the two young men, Compton and Wu Youxun, confirmed the light waves. The correctness of particle duality. "
"But now, the debate between particles and fluctuations has been reproduced in quantum mechanics. "
"And this time the debate is even more Hard. "
"Because according to my research, although these two theories are extremely contradictory, they are completely no problem when used."
"So, I'm thinking that so many theories in the scientific community will eventually have a definite result."
"Why when it comes to light and quantum mechanics, we have to unify two contradictory things together. ”
“Is there a deeper reason behind this? ”
Wow!
Lorentz is worthy of being the top physicist of his time.
Perhaps his personal abilities decline with age.
But his vision and insight were not weak at all.
This short speech reflects his profound understanding of quantum mechanics and microscopic particles.
The people present were the top big guys or geniuses in the world, but they were also shocked by Lorentz's analysis.
"Yes, I never seem to think about this angle."
"If matter has wave-particle duality, then its individual expression should be wrong."
"But our world is orderly, and we can even observe only one side of matter. "
"Thinking carefully is terrifying."
Heisenberg secretly glanced at Schrödinger and showed a provocative look.
He said disdainfully:
"That's because fluctuation is simply wrong!"
"De Broglie's theory of matter waves is just an exaggerated fantasy."
"This world is a world of matter, fluctuations are all Just embellishment. "
"The truth behind all things is the matrix!" "
Schrödinger noticed Heisenberg's eyes, but he didn't care.
He is confident in his wave dynamics.
The so-called particles are just illusions of waves.
It is like compressed air being emitted, which can produce the effect of an air cannon.
De Broglie carefully savored Professor Lorentz's analysis.
Although he proposed the material wave theory, how to explain the contradiction between wave-particle duality is still a difficult problem.
During this period, he perfected the waveguide theory, which may be a feasible theory.
You must know that even Professor Bruce was unable to explain the wave-particle duality of light clearly.
This property can only be classified as axiom.
It's like no one can explain why the speed of light is that value.
You can only accept it, not understand it.
Is the wave-particle duality the same as the speed of light?
Everyone is trapped in thinking.
No one is mediocre.
Everyone has confidence in creating their own legend in the field of quantum mechanics.
At the beginning of the meeting, Lorentz pushed the atmosphere to a climax.
At this time, he began to introduce the process of the meeting. "The name of the Conference on Quantum Mechanics indicates that it is a debated conference."
"Therefore, this conference will be held in the form of a camp."< br>
"First, Heisenberg and Schrödinger each came to the stage to explain their own theories."
"Then, the people present can choose theories they recognize and give relevant evidence."
< br>
"At the same time, you can also question the other party's theories and find out your own mistakes."
" According to the camp, it can be divided into matrix factions, fluctuations factions, and neutral factions."
Wow!
Such a novel way made the big guys attending the conference interested.
This is so exciting.
Finally, Lorentz added with a smile: "Of course, we don't engage in politically forming cliques and private interests." "The so-called camp division is just to better discuss quantum mechanics The question. "
"Although it is called the Dao Conference, the core of the conference is Dao rather than Theory." "
" Otherwise, everyone present may not win if we join the audience. My wife." Everyone laughed.
The conference room was filled with joy.
This academic debate begins soon!
Heisenberg took the lead.
Having meetings and speeches everywhere for a long time has allowed him to be reborn and no longer be introverted and nervous.
Even when facing many physics masters, he is still calm and at ease.
"Matrix Mechanics is"
Heisenberg began to introduce his theory in detail.
This time, he was obviously very prepared.
He also knew that his theory needed to use complex mathematical forms such as mathematical forms.
Therefore, he deliberately reduced unnecessary numbers as much as possible in terms of expression, and strived to achieve a pleasing feeling.
The most new ⊥小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小小�
After elaborating on his theory, Heisenberg threw out his first trump card.
"Dr. Pauli proposed a new 2×2 matrix form based on matrix mechanics."
"Using this form, electron spins can be better explained Phenomenon.”
"I think this is a better performance in matrix mechanics."
Wow!
Pauli's paper has only been published.
This is the first time some people on the field know about it, and they are all surprised.
Such obscure matrix mechanics can be optimized.
Pauli looked at everyone with a hanging look, feeling very proud.
"Basic operation, do not 6."
In this way, matrix mechanics is equivalent to perfectly explaining the four large subnumbers in the old quantum theory.
This is a big deal and reflects its status.
This even shakes the stance of some people.
Schrödinger frowned slightly when he heard this.
He knew that the little fat man Pauli had a very good relationship with Heisenberg.
The other party is a perfect matrix.
Paoli is indeed extremely smart.
I can actually learn matrix so well and improve matrix mechanics.
Schrödinger's heart moved, and indeed, it was not until the last moment, so he should not take it lightly.
Heisenberg was obviously prepared.
Just when everyone thought Heisenberg's report ended.
He suddenly said: "In addition, based on the calculation of matrix mechanics, I discovered another very interesting phenomenon."
"Please look."
"This is a spectrum of hydrogen molecules."
"The spectrum lines in them all appear alternately in strength."
"At present, " There is no good explanation for this in the academic community. "
"But using matrix mechanics, I found that there are two forms of hydrogen molecules."
"Through my communication with Professor Debai, I knew there was a conjecture in chemistry called [nuclear isomers]."
"As we all know, allotropes are an important concept in the field of chemistry."< "It means two or more substances, the elements that make up them are the same, but their structure and properties are different."
"For example, graphite and diamond are both made of carbon It consists of elements, but one is soft and the other is hard. "
"This is because carbon atoms are arranged in different ways in the two substances."
"In 1917, Professor Sodi made a bold guess."
"He thought there might be [more fine isotopes]."
"What does it mean?"
< br>"That is, the reason for the different properties of matter is not the arrangement of atoms, but the difference in the nucleus."
"The so-called more refined isotope actually refers to nuclear isomers."< br>
"However, Professor Sodi didn't know what the difference between the nucleus of the same atom at that time."
"So, this conjecture has not received much attention since its publication."
" > "But when I was studying the spectrum of hydrogen molecules using matrix mechanics, I found that there are two coupling methods for the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms."
"In one of the hydrogen molecules, the spin directions of the two nuclei Same. "
"While the other hydrogen molecule, the spin directions of the two nuclei are opposite. "
"This will lead to a difference in the magnetic moments of the two hydrogen molecules."
"Therefore, the properties of the two hydrogen molecules are also different."
"So, the spectrum of the hydrogen molecules is spectral. Only then will the alternation of strong and weak spectral lines occur. "
"I used matrix mechanics to prove Professor Sodi's nuclear isomer hypothesis."
Boom!
The achievements of Heisenberg made everyone stunned!
This is amazing!
Rutherford, especially, was extremely shocked.
Sodi was his assistant, so he knew the concept of nuclear isomers very well.
This is an extremely bold guess.
However, since we have not even figured out the composition of the atomic nucleus, we want to prove this conjecture is undoubtedly a dream.
But now, what did he see?
Heisenberg actually used matrix mechanics to directly prove the existence of nuclear isomers from the perspective of electron spins.
This is too exaggerated!
Rutherford couldn't help asking:
"Heisenberg, have you separated these two kinds of hydrogen?"
Heisenberg scratched his head awkwardly and said:
"Sorry, Professor Rutherford, chemistry is not me "
"I hope that after this paper is published, chemists will find hydrogen from these two nuclear isomers." "
Rutherford nodded.
He knew that once this paper was published, the happiest person would probably be Sodi.
He was also happy for the other party.
This will be another major discovery in the physics and chemistry circles, changing people's inherent cognition and enriching the connotation of allotropes.
In real history, the two types of hydrogen molecules discovered in Heisenberg, one is called [positive hydrogen], with the same nuclear spin direction; the other is called [medium hydrogen], with the opposite nuclear spin direction.
It is also very easy to separate these two nuclear isomers.
You can get it by cooling the ordinary hydrogen with liquid air and then separating it with activated carbon.
The discovery of nuclear isomers has opened up a completely new field.
Until later generations, many scientists were still studying the mysteries of nuclear isomers.
Perhaps it has an important connection with the formation of life elements.
At this moment, everyone had to re-examine matrix mechanics.
Although Heisenberg himself did not isolate the nuclear isomers of these two hydrogen molecules.
But both mathematical derivation and spectral experiments have proved its correctness.
The big guys present firmly believe that nuclear isomers must exist.
Everyone looked at Heisenberg differently.
Planck, Lorentz and others even saw the shadow of Bruce back then.
"What a hero is a young man!"
Who dares to say that such matrix mechanics is cumbersome.
The old quantum theory cannot explain the existence of nuclear isomers.
Schrödinger is under pressure.
The discussion has not really begun, and the gunpowder on the field is already full of smell.
(This chapter ends)