Chapter 533 Probability Wave! The most mysterious concept of quantum mechanics! Finally appear! Shocking! The whole audience was sensational!
After everyone's horror, Li Qiwei's heart was calm and calm.
From today on, quantum mechanics will truly challenge the cognitive limits of human beings.
If you believe it, then you can understand quantum mechanics.
If you don't believe it, you will never understand quantum mechanics.
Everything starts with the third wave.
After the sharp eyes swept across everyone present, Li Qiwei spoke.
"A month ago, Professor Born published a paper, and I wonder who has read it."
"The title of that paper is "Quantum Mechanics of Scattering Process"."
"It is based on Heisenberg's matrix mechanics, and studies the intermittent properties of particles by studying the behavior of particles during scattering."
"One of these phenomena is very interesting."
"In the paper, Born recorded the probability of scattered particles appearing in a certain direction."
"I guess he was imitating matrix mechanics' research ideas on spectral intensity."
Boen's expression moved when he heard this.
This paper was written by him when he was studying matrix mechanics.
The paper was not even published in Nature, but in a native German physics journal.
He didn't expect that Professor Bruce would pay attention to it.
For a moment, Born was a little flattered.
He was just a little confused.
"Is this paper special?"
Except Born himself, only Heisenberg had read the paper.
However, he was also confused and didn't know what Professor Bruce meant.
He glanced at Born, who nodded slightly and shook his head again.
Neither of them understood.
As for others, they had never read this paper, and they shook their heads.
Because it is obvious that this is a paper related to matrix mechanics.
With wave dynamics popular, few people are paying attention to it.
At this time, Heisenberg said: "Professor, I've read that paper."
"But what does it have to do with the third wave you mentioned?"
Li Qiwei smiled slightly and continued, "Of course it's related." "Boen himself did not discover what a shocking discovery his paper contained."
After saying that, Li Qiwei opened Boen's paper.
"Please look for everyone."
"In the scattering experiment, Born only lists the probability of each direction of the particle into vectors."
"He wants to study this concept through matrix."
"But."
"If I introduce the concept of wave dynamics at this time."
Suddenly, Li Qiwei raised his voice, as if there was a familiar shadow possessed.
Everyone immediately felt a terrifying pressure from the mysterious Eastern teacher.
"Be careful, I'm going to deform!"
"I associate the probability of the particle scattering direction with the wave function ψ in the wave equation."
"You will get the result: the probability of the particle appearing in a certain direction is proportional to the square of the wave function ψ!"
"This means that the electron wave described by the wave function ψ is not a mechanical wave like a water wave."
"ψ describes the probability waves distributed by electrons in space!"
"So I think Schrödinger's view that only waves are wrong."
"Electronics have wave-particle duality, but the fluctuation in them is not known mechanical waves or electromagnetic waves."
"But a brand new wave, the third wave, [probability wave]!"
"The square of the modulus of the wave function|ψ| represents the probability that electrons appear at a certain moment and at a certain position in the space!"
"
"The square of the modulus|ψ| of the wave function represents the probability that electrons appear at a certain point in the space!"
"That is, the probability of electrons appearing in various places is like a wave!"
Boom!
As soon as the words finished, the audience was shocked!
Everyone widened his eyes, as if he had seen the most incredible thing in his life.
"Is the probability a wave?"
"Oh my God! How is this possible?"
Boen's eyes almost spewed out flames.
That is the fire of wisdom!
He didn't expect his paper to come up with such a shocking view.
This is so terrible!
De Broglie's mind was shocked!
Professor Bruce just proved that wave dynamics and matrix mechanics are equivalent.
As a result, the backhand abandoned Schrödinger's fluctuation theory.
Professor Bruce supports wave-particle duality!
This is the same as de Broglie.
But the waves in this wave-particle duality are really incredible.
De Bro could not imagine how the probability of electrons appearing in various places could be waves?
Waves are functions that describe the state of motion of matter.
Probability is not motion, so how can a wave be formed?
Not only De Broglie, everyone was puzzled.
Suddenly, many people including Planck, Einstein, Bohr were shocked.
"Probability?"
They thought of something long and related.
At the Second Quantum Theory Conference, Bohr expounded the core of the old quantum theory: the quantum orbital model.
In Bohr's theory, electrons have the concepts of orbits and transitions.
Electronics can transition from low energy level to high energy level, and can also transition from high energy level to low energy level.
At that time, someone asked:
"How do the electrons know which energy level they want to jump to when they are transitioning?"
"What physical factors determine the transition behavior of electrons?"
Bol did not answer.
Finally, Professor Bruce proposed an extremely bold idea: "Electronics jump randomly in a probabilistic way!" At that time, no one agreed with this view.
Because it is too incredible.
How can such an illusory thing as probability be used to describe the precise physical world?
Although there are also probabilistic statistics in thermodynamics.
But that is a macro analysis given for the thermal motion of a large number of molecules.
In essence, the state of motion of each molecule is determined.
It's just that because the number is too large, it is impossible to list all their motion equations, so it is described through the method of probability statistics.
So, probability in thermodynamics and probability of electron transition are completely different concepts.
The former is easy to understand, while the latter subverts people's views.
Until today, the physics community has not reached a consensus on the probability behavior of electron transitions.
Fortunately, the transition itself has no big impact on the application of old quantum theory.
So, everyone defaulted not to discuss that issue, and it remained there until now.
But today, Professor Bruce proposed a more crazy idea: the fluctuation of electron waves is actually a probability wave.
Probability theory returns to the world!
Shocking!
This has exceeded everyone's imagination limits.
Everyone completely didn't understand what kind of physical picture it was.
"Probability is probability, how can it be related to waves?"
In the crowd, Schrödinger was completely stunned.
He couldn't believe what he heard.
"Professor Bruce directly denied the fluctuation theory." "Wave-particle duality is orthodox!"
"And also proposed the shocking concept of probability waves."
"Impossible, absolutely impossible!"
Schrödinger fell into self-confusion.
At this time, Born couldn't help asking with great doubts: "Professor Bruce, I still don't understand."
"How could the probability be a wave?"
Born is probably the most exciting person on the court.
But he is also the calmest.
He himself is very clear about the paper he published.
There is absolutely no relationship with probability waves.
Professor Bruce imagined it out of thin air based on his terrifying physical intuition.
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He was worried that his clumsy work would not be able to bear such imaginative thoughts.
Li Qiwei looked at Born and felt emotion in his heart.
In real history, Born is far less famous than Bohr, and even non-professional people have never heard of it.
But for the top physics tycoons, Born is actually the person who has made the most contribution to quantum mechanics in the strict sense.
Everything is because of the probability wave he raised!
This theory is really too important.
It can be said that it is the foundation of the entire quantum mechanics.
The core of Copenhagen's interpretation is based on the concept of probability waves.
And now, Li Qiwei's heart was in agitation.
"In this life, I will bear the cause and effect of quantum mechanics."
Then, he continued to explain:
"I once mentioned that electron transition is a probabilistic behavior at the second quantum theory conference."
"It's a pity that the academic community has not yet recognized it."
"When I was reading Born's paper, that idea burst out in my mind."
"This time, I am confident that I will never be wrong!"
Wow!
Everyone was shocked!
What a domineering side leak!
"For probability waves, I will give you an image example to illustrate."
"Suppose there is an electron here now."
"It is not like Schrödinger thinks, a real wave propagating in space, just like water waves diffuse."
"The electron itself is still a particle, but it can appear [at the same time] in the space." (Remember these two words)
"At this time, someone will ask: So where do electrons appear in points A and B?"
"The answer is the wave function ψ."
"The answer is the wave function ψ."
"According to the wave equation, we can calculate the wave function ψ of electrons."
"ψ itself does not represent the probability of electrons appearing, it is just a function of the electronic system."
"|ψ| represents the probability of electrons appearing at point A and B."
"For example, we calculate that the probability of electrons appearing at point A is 0.9, and the probability of appearing at point B is 0.2."
"Then we can say that the probability of electrons appearing at point A is greater than the probability of appearing at point B."
"And what's more magical is that the waves formed by this probability distribution can interfere and diffraction like real waves."
"So, Schrödinger mistakenly thought probability waves for real fluctuations."
"But in fact, it is not."
"The probability of electrons at point A is x, the probability of B is y, and the probability of C is z"
"The mathematical form of these probability distributions is the same as the wave function form of mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves."
"So, Schrödinger naturally regarded the probability wave of electrons as mechanical waves. "Through this theory, we can explain the question raised by Bohr just now. "
"In wave dynamics, electron waves permeate the entire atomic space, and Schrödinger is not wrong. "
"Then why are there still separate energy levels? "
"It's very simple, because the energy level we observe is just the place where the probability of electrons appearing the greatest. ”
"So, it shows macroscopicly that it seems that electrons have separate energy levels."
"But actually not."
"The energy level itself does not exist, it is just an area."
"Electronics do not have to stay in a specific orbit. They can appear in any place in the atom, but the probability of appearing everywhere is different."
"Please look."
Li Qiwei said while drawing pictures.
"Taking hydrogen atoms as an example, the probability of electrons appearing everywhere around the nucleus is like this."
"Every small black dot represents [electrons appear here], and the density of the black dots represents the probability of electrons appearing."
"The denser the black dots, the greater the probability of electrons appearing in this area; the sparse black dots, the smaller the probability of electrons appearing in this area."
"These black dots look like a negatively charged cloud-like object shrouding around the nucleus."
"So, I call it [electron cloud]." (This is the source of the concept of electronic cloud)
"Electronic cloud replaced the concept of orbit and energy level in the old quantum theory."
"Electronics are not moving on various orbits as we imagined."
"Electronics are filled with the entire electron cloud."
"Electronics have probability to appear in the place covered by electron clouds, but the probability magnitude is different."
"Electronics are filled with the entire electron cloud."
"Electronics have probability to appear in any place covered by electron clouds, but the probability magnitude is different."
"The above is my explanation of probability waves."
Calm!
Deadly silence!
The room was silent and the needles could be heard.
Everyone was stunned by the shock, as if time had stopped.
Unbelievable!
Incredible!
Unbelievable!
Even: I feel like Professor Bruce is talking nonsense!
"O God!"
"Is this possible?"
"This is absolutely impossible!"
"This idea is no longer shocking, but transcends this world and this vulgarity!"
"Professor Bruce is so terrible!"
"This theory is not something that people can think of."
Soon, the whole audience was sensational!
A huge scream erupted in the room!
The concept of probability waves has made everyone crazy.
In summary, it contains three core views: First, microscopic particles such as electrons have wave-particle duality, and the fluctuation is not a real wave, but refers to the different distribution of probability.
It’s just that the mathematical expression of the probability distribution is the same as the wave function in the conventional sense, so it is vividly named as the probability wave.
For example, assuming that the wave function of a mechanical wave is in the form of f=x+1, then the probability distribution of the electron's occurrence position is also f=x+1.
Secondly, the probability wave of electrons is like clouds and mist, spreading across the entire atomic range, and electrons can appear anywhere at the same time.
The specific appearance depends on the value calculated through the wave function, that is, |ψ|.
According to Schrödinger's equation, only the wave function of the electron at time t is required, and then the wave function of all subsequent moments can be obtained.
Third, although the probability wave is not a real fluctuation, it can interfere, diffraction and other phenomena like real fluctuations.
For example, two electron waves together may interfere.
This kind of interference is like a superposition of probability.
It can be said that no one present can believe the probability wave theory now.
It's so scary!
Einstein murmured to himself: "Impossible!"
"Absolutely impossible!"
"Doesn't this mean that God is rolling dice?"
Do you understand?
I think what I wrote is already very easy to understand.
High school level is enough to understand.
(This chapter is over)