Chapter 534 Overturn Cause and Effect! The world is random! Three major probability analysis! Strange and unpredictable! The more you understand, the more frightened you are!
The probability wave theory proposed by Li Qiwei shocked all the quantum masters present.
Either the older generation of physicists like Planck or the new genius like Heisenberg were shocked.
For a moment, no one dared to believe the authenticity of this theory.
Because it is challenging the essence of the world: causality!
If there is a probability wave, then the essence of this world will become random.
What a terrible fact!
According to Newton's classical mechanics, if you know the movement state of the ball at t time.
Then according to the force of the ball, its motion equation can be listed, so as to find the motion state of the ball after time t.
The force of the ball is caused by the cause, and the movement trajectory of the ball is the result.
This is completely in line with human intuition.
There is a cause first and then there is a result.
But replace the ball with electrons and everything changes.
Even if based on the Schrödinger equation, the wave function of the electron at time t and all subsequent moments can be calculated.
But we still don't know where the electron will appear next.
Because even if the probability of an electron appearing at point A is 99.999%, it still has a hint of possibility that it will appear at point B.
The wave function can only calculate the probability that electrons appear somewhere, and does not guarantee that electrons [must] will appear there.
If you compare this phenomenon to a small ball, you will find how outrageous it is.
According to Newtonian mechanics, the ball should continue to move forward at the next moment.
But the ball appeared directly on the moon the next moment.
"Listen, is this human word?"
"Isn't this nonsense?"
Probability wave is so outrageous.
This is the inner portrayal of all the physics tycoons present.
"It's so outrageous!"
At this moment, the room was still extremely quiet.
Everyone is digesting this shocking theory.
The probability wave is not the same as the original electron transition probability.
The former is even more incredible.
After a while, Lorentz frowned slightly and looked solemn. He asked:
"Bruce, listen to me to explain it to you and see if I understand it, right?"
Li Qiwei smiled slightly.
"Please say."
Lorentz coughed and tried to explain:
"So far, there are three probability phenomena in the field of physics."
"The first."
"A few days ago, Bruce, you analyzed the relationship between thermal science and quantum mechanics during your speech."
"Some inspirations in quantum mechanics come from thermal theory."
"Probability statistics are the most important concept in statistical mechanics."
"The movement trajectory of each particle is different. Some particles move to point A at the next moment, and some particles move to point B at the next moment."
"If we count the movement status of all particles, we find that 99.99% of the particles move to A, and the rest move to BCD"
"Then, we can say that the particle system will move to point A next moment."
"But we know very clearly that although the system moves to point A, very few of them do not move to point A."
"Even if the computing power is sufficient, we can calculate the movement trajectory of these particles [precisely]."
"But that is not necessary, because we are studying the statistical behavior of a large number of particles."
"
"But that is not necessary, because we are studying the statistical behavior of a large number of particles."
"
"
"By simple statistics and probability distribution functions, we can meet the needs of use."
"This is the application of probability in thermodynamics, which is easy to understand."
"Give another image example."
"It's like a coin toss experiment."
"The moment the coin is thrown out, if we can [precisely] know the parameters such as gravity, coin mass, air resistance, etc.."
"Strictly speaking, we can directly [calculate] the state of the coin at the moment of its whereabouts."
"But the parameters and accuracy required in this method exceed the limits that humans can reach."
"So, we estimate it through probability."
"As long as there are enough times, the result is still correct."
"So, the so-called probability is not really random, but our approximation to nature!"
"Because humans have limited computing power, they cannot calculate all behaviors of the universe [real time] and [accurately]."
"So some processes have to be described by probability."
"But the essence of the universe is causal, and probability is just an external manifestation of a large number of causality."
"This is my understanding of the first probability."
Everyone all focused on the key points, obviously agreeing very much.
Professor Lorentz is indeed a tycoon of classical physics.
His analysis is easy to understand and extremely profound. "But the second, the situation has changed." "That is the electron transition probability that Professor Bruce once mentioned." "In the old quantum theory, the transition behavior of electrons between different energy levels is probabilistic."
"In other words, it is a probability that electrons [when] will jump from A to B energy level."
"Electronics will jump from A to [B or C]. It is also a probability."
"Professor Bruce believes that this is a real probability!"
"That is, we cannot calculate when and where it will jump to by listing the equation of motion for electrons."
"This has nothing to do with computing power."
"
"Even if we know all the parameters of the electron, we still can't calculate its transition behavior."
"Let's use the example of tossing a coin."
"That's even if we know all the parameters of gravity, mass, resistance, etc. when the coin is thrown."
"The moment it lands, the coin is right or wrong, and has nothing to do with the calculated answer."
"This is Professor Bruce's point of view."
"At that time, almost no one in the physics community agreed with this theory."
"Because it violated the law of cause and effect."
"I am one of them."
"And, Professor Einstein made a good reason to refute."
"He believed that the probability transition of electrons is actually the same as the probability of thermodynamics."
"Because we claim to know all the parameters of electrons, but there are still certain parameters that cannot be discovered under the existing theoretical framework."
"They are like hidden variables, which can be vividly called [hidden variables]."
"And the transition behavior of electrons is actually controlled by these hidden variables."
"In this way, the essence of the world returns to causality."
"I personally agree with Professor Einstein's point of view."
"I personally agree with Professor Einstein's point of view."
"To sum up, it is: the probability transition behavior of electrons is due to the temporary ignorance of human beings."
"This is my understanding of the second probability."
Wow!
Everyone was shocked!
Professor Lorentz's analysis is so powerful!
Einstein's eyes flashed and he came back from the shock and confusion just now.
"My hidden variable theory has finally been recognized!"
"Bruce, this time, I'm afraid I'm going to stand opposite you!"
Lorentz is still continuing.
"The third probability now: probability wave."
"According to Professor Bruce's point of view, the nature of probability waves is actually the same as the probability of electron transition." "But the former is more incredible than the latter!"
"For electron transitions, no matter how electrons jump, they must eventually be on a specific orbit."
"But probability waves are different."
"Electrons can appear at any position in an atom without being controlled or affected by any factors."
"For example, we accelerate the electron and move it forward, but due to probability, the electron will retreat."
"When we accelerate the second time, the electron moves to the left again."
"This again violates the law of cause and effect more deeply."
"It is not easy to explain even with hidden variables."
"In addition, there is a little unimaginable."
"In addition, there is something unimaginable."
"The probability of electronic transition is a probability in the sense of conventional mathematics."
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"For example, the probability of electrons jumping from orbit A to orbit B is 0.5."
"Then the probability of 0.5 itself is a pure mathematical concept."
"It is the probability of the front when the coin lands is 0.5. There is no difference between the two and it is a [mathematical abstract description]."
"It's like the number 1 and 1 apple, which are completely different two existences."
"But the probability wave is different. It is not just a probability, it is more like a kind of [physical reality]."
"For example."
"The probability of an electron appearing at point A is 0.1, the probability of an electron appearing at point B is 0.2, and the probability of an electron appearing at point C is 0.3."
"The probability distribution of an electron at different points, expressed by mathematical formulas, is the form of a wave function."
"If you only reach this point, you can actually understand it."
"After all, mathematics is wonderful, and the probability distribution formula of electrons looks the same as the real fluctuation formula, and it is not uncommon."
"But what is strange is that this non-real probability wave can interfere, diffraction and other phenomena like real waves."
"That's my wife."
Lorentz couldn't even find accurate words to express his feelings.
But the big guys present can understand that they have a good understanding.
"So we think so!"
Lorentz hissed, shook his head again, and continued:
"It's as if someone told you: x+y=1 and x+y=3, these two mathematical equations interfere."
"The interference fringes generated are even reflected in your face."
"You will definitely think that either the other party is crazy or the world is crazy."
"This is the incredible thing about the probability wave."
"The above is my understanding of the three probabilities."
Speaking of this, Lorentz seemed to have used all his strength.
Then, he asked with a wry smile:
"Bruce, do you think I understand correctly?"
Wow!
Everyone is shocked!
After Professor Lorentz's explanation, everyone has a deeper understanding of probability wave theory.
However, the deeper they understand, the deeper they feel!
The behavior of electrons is dominated by strange and unpredictable probability.
And this probability is a truly random process and is not affected by the existence of any material energy information in the objective world.
Even if the earth is destroyed, it cannot prevent the electrons from appearing on the moon in the next second.
This is so scary!
Incredible! Unthinkable! Undescribable!
It seems to have entered the forbidden area of God!
Faced with Lorentz's entanglement, Li Qiwei smiled softly.
"Your analysis is very correct, Professor Lorentz."
"Probability waves do violate the law of cause and effect."
"But there is one thing that I need to correct you."
"The probability waves will experience real fluctuations such as interference and diffraction, which is not that incredible."
"Everything is caused by your inertial thinking."
Lorentz was shocked when he heard this!
The rest of them were also very curious.
What does this mean?
Li Qiwei continued: "Just just said that there are only two types of fluctuations in nature at present." "One is mechanical waves caused by mechanical vibration, and the other is electromagnetic waves formed by alternating electric and magnetic fields." "The wave functions of these two waves are actually pure mathematical concepts." "The material basis of wave functions and wave functions are two different existences."
"Take the water waves in mechanical waves as an example."
"The so-called water wave interference does not mean that the wave function ψ interferes in the physical sense."
"But it means that two different [waters] meet together and interfere, forming a new water wave."
"At this time, the wave function of this new water wave is also new, and the wave function of the original two water waves is formed through mathematical transformation."
"That is, the wave function interference refers to the addition of mathematical states, corresponding to the physical field, which refers to the superposition of two water waves interference."
"These are two completely different processes and cannot be confused."
"[Water wave interference] is a physical phenomenon, and [Wave function interference of water waves] is a mathematical description of water wave interference."
"Similarly, if you regard probability waves as a kind of fluctuation."
"Then it is easy to understand its interference phenomenon."
"Electronics have wave-particle duality, and the probability wave of electrons describes a state like [the probability of electrons appearing somewhere]."
"[The probability of an electron appearing somewhere] and [The shape of a water wave] are equivalent events."
"The so-called probability wave interference does not refer to the number of probability, which has undergone physical interference."
"But it refers to the probability of an electron appearing somewhere] and the probability of an electron appearing somewhere], which interfere."
"[The probability of an electron appearing somewhere] is a physical fact, and [Probability wave interference] is the corresponding mathematical description."
"The reason why I just said that probability waves are not real waves is actually compared with mechanical waves."
"Because water waves themselves are matter, but [the probability of electrons appearing somewhere] is a phenomenon."
"It's like we regard the human body as reality and the thought as illusion."
"Can you understand?"
Hiss!
Everyone took a breath of air conditioning!
Professor Bruce's rigor of concept details was so outrageous.
It's just a word of a word.
Lorentz nodded mechanically.
"Bruce, I understand what you mean."
"This is actually the blurred definition of mathematics and physics brought about by language description."
"But even so."
"I'm still very confused: [The probability of electrons appearing somewhere], this is clearly an event, how can it interfere?"
"It's like, I'm eating with you, how can these two processes interfere?"
Li Qiwei smiled slightly.
"In the microscopic world, the event [the probability of electrons appearing somewhere] can indeed interfere!"
"That is why I firmly believe that probability waves are the third type of wave."
"We cannot use the thinking of mechanical waves or electromagnetic waves to understand this brand new fluctuation."
The audience was shocked!
Whether it is the interference of probability waves or the violation of the law of cause and effect, these theories are challenging the cognitive limits of everyone.
Everyone has too many doubts.
"I'm afraid I can't eat this lunch today."
This time, I should be able to understand the interference of probability waves.
In fact, there is a fourth wave, I don’t know if you remember it.
(This chapter ends)