Chapter 461: The government and factory groups are bound to fail when trying to create a law!
Systems, or rules, have never been about how Zhu Yijun, the emperor, slaps his forehead and does whatever he wants. At the beginning of the system design, it must be considered that it can be accepted by the majority of people.
After the death of Tang Gaozong Li Zhi, Wu Zetian came to rule the dynasty and finally ascended the throne and proclaimed herself emperor, becoming the only female emperor in the history of the Central Plains. When Wu Zetian wanted to find an heir, Wu Zetian could not pass the throne to Wu Sansi. Because Wu Sansi was only Wu Zetian's nephew and had her own parents. She would not kowtow to Wu Zetian during sacrifices. Wu Zetian also could not pass the throne to Princess Taiping, whether she wanted to or not.
The Shenlong Coup, Prince Li Xian, Prime Ministers Zhang Jianzhi, Cui Xuanwei and other ministers led their troops to launch a mutiny. Lintai Supervisor Zhang Yizhi, Secretary Servant Zhang Changzong and other direct descendants of Wu Zetian were killed, and the Prince's soldiers surrounded Zi Weicheng Jixian Palace forced Wu Zetian to abdicate. The next day, Prince Li Xian took charge of the country. On the third day, he made a concession ceremony. On the fourth day, Li Xian succeeded to the throne and became emperor, and the country was restored to the Tang Dynasty.
In the same year, Wu Zetian died. She was not called the emperor, but the Great Sage Queen Zetian. As a queen, she was buried in the Qianling Mausoleum and was buried with Li Zhi.
Whether Wu Zetian wants to or not, she cannot let Wu Sansi or Princess Taiping succeed to the throne. It is impossible. If she is willing to be decent, everyone will be decent. If she is unwilling to be decent, naturally someone will help her to be decent.
The formulation of rules requires violence, and violence is not only the army, but also gunpowder, steel, silver coins, theories and people's hearts.
Zhu Yijun has some expectations for the emergence of Songjiang School. Ming Dynasty is in an era of drastic changes, and ideological speculation is also extremely important. Only when a hundred flowers bloom can a hundred schools of thought contend, and Ming Dynasty can go further and further. safe.
For example, is it possible for the freedom advocated by the Songjiang School to break the deep-rooted personal attachment of the Ming Dynasty?
That is to say, in Wang Chonggu's "Requesting the Equalization of Fields", regarding the issue of hiding in Ding, the reason why the rural sages and gentry of the Ming Dynasty were able to hide in Ding was entirely due to the strong personal dependence relationship, which allowed them to hide in Ding. These meat eaters became slave owners, and producers had to become slaves because of the means of production.
This is Zhu Yijun’s greatest expectation for the liberal doctrine of Songjiang School.
Yao Guangqi put forward his own refutation of Lin Fucheng's point of view. He borrowed the emperor's words that any beautiful country established in fantasy will often lead people to the abyss astray in reality.
Zhu Yijun's sentence is actually a criticism of Confucianism, criticism of pragmatism, criticism of talking about one's heart and mind, completely ignoring the actual implementation, especially blindly emphasizing the importance of morality while ignoring production relations and distribution.
The ideal country of Confucianism is a world of great harmony. If everyone cultivates virtue, then the world can be harmonious. According to this idea, the feudal county system of the Ming Dynasty is gradually entering a dead end, and etiquette is becoming more and more strict. People are strictly bound by ethics. Confucianism is based on the inherent goodness of human nature. The imaginary utopia is leading the Ming Dynasty into the abyss of error.
Similarly, this kind of criticism also applies to Lin Fucheng’s liberal school.
Lin Fucheng believes that the court does not need to interfere. After complete freedom, they will find a way out. For example, if there is a lack of tung oil in the market, someone will naturally plant it to fill the gap. If the Ming Dynasty lacks silver, someone will naturally go to sea to find it, because Supply and demand are there. As long as there is demand, someone will find a way to supply it. Driven by interests, there will be no gaps. Under freedom, everything will be perfect. The interference of the court will deform the market.
This approach is a bit like Taoism’s rule of inaction.
But this method has been practiced by the Ming Dynasty, and it is of no use. During the Jiajing period, Dao Ye claimed to be Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty. He lived in the ninth level and ruled by doing nothing. For twenty-five years in a row, the Ming Dynasty did not get better at all. , instead it turned into a shabby house with air leakage everywhere, which could be broken by just kicking.
Yao Guangqi even more praised the theory of practice that the emperor learned from Mr. Zhang. Mr. Zhang’s virtue is different from others. In unity, Mr. Zhang himself is also a follow-up official and pays attention to results.
Lin Fucheng squinted slightly and looked at Yao Guangqi. The capital is really a place where crouching tigers, hidden dragons are hiding! These people from a privileged family actually devoted themselves to studying instead of being a playboy. Every word of his speech focused on Lin Fucheng's weakness.
"Then let me ask you." Lin Fucheng began to fight back. He looked at Yao Guangqi and said, "Is the court's brutal interference totally free of charge?"
"Of course it is." Yao Guangqi was stunned and immediately replied. .
Lin Fucheng showed a smile, looked at Yao Guangqi and nodded and said: "The craftsmen, land, and workshop construction created by the official factory group, the remuneration of the craftsmen, the rewards for technological progress, shipbuilding, cotton spinning, woolen cloth, casting furnaces, Coal kilns, etc., which one does not require the same amount of silver? No matter what you do, the court has to pay a huge amount of silver. In only nine years of Wanli, His Majesty invested 37.12 million silver in the development of the sea, and His Majesty took it from the internal funds. As much as 15 million silver was paid.”
“Investment is business, and getting back is reward. In business, there are always profits and losses. Do you agree with this?”
Yao Guangqi frowned? He frowned and nodded and said: "I agree."
Lin Fucheng slowly stood up, held his hands and said: "The court's excessive intervention will inevitably lead to an extremely serious problem, and the court will have to pay a huge amount Expenditure! This expenditure is not necessarily repayable, and the imperial court does not have that much money. Yanxinglou Trading House is going to make new investments, and Suiyuan Chidao and Suiyuan Mining are the ironclad proof!"
"The essence of the ticket! What is it? In fact, it is also a debt from the court to the private sector. The ship ticket is a loan from the private sector to recover the cost of the sailing ship and further invest. "
"The court's excessive intervention requires a huge amount of investment, and taxes cannot. If you are satisfied, you will inevitably borrow money from the private sector. As long as this borrowed money passes through one hand, it will definitely get a hand! The huge investment from the court, to say the least, is enough to be comforted. , then due to the input, the output of goods will inevitably increase, then the demand will decrease, the price will decrease, and the return received by the court will inevitably decrease."
"The industries that His Majesty invested in before, such as shipbuilding and weaving, are all disadvantageous. But not all businesses have such generous returns. "
"When the income is greater than the expenditure, the court can still maintain it. If the income is less than the expenditure, how can the court maintain it? In the end, it can only be supplemented by taxes. If you can’t fill the hole, you can only try to survive. Isn’t this going back to the past?”
Zhu Yijun immediately said: "Master Lin, why do you conclude that the income of the imperial court will be less than its expenditure?"
"This is a good question." Lin Fucheng said with a red face: "The first reason is that the imperial court The investment cannot be fully implemented, and most of the money from top to bottom will be corrupted! You are not a young man, you think about this very clearly, this is the reality!"
" The second reason is rigidity and bloat, which is inevitable. A few days ago, the governor found out that the Songjiang Shipyard was empty of wages, and there were a lot of people! "
"The third reason is ineffective investment. The imperial court is the Ming Dynasty. The largest collective is the public, so it needs to build water conservancy projects, build bridges and pave roads, build schools, and support teachers. The social studies, county schools, government schools, and Imperial College of the imperial court are not profitable, but they are based on the hope of cultivating students. However, some time ago, the naval officers trained by Songjiang Maritime Academy caused an uproar because the imperial court wanted to open additional schools and expand enrollment."
"There are many shortcomings in the imperial court's investment, the most critical of which is. What is more, it is rigid, because as more goods are produced and demand is met, prices will inevitably fall, and the return on assets will only become smaller and smaller. However, the rigidity of the court makes it difficult for the ship to turn around, and bloated and redundant personnel bring high costs. The return on assets decreases and the cost increases. The income of the imperial court's official factory will definitely be less than the expenditure!"
"The income of the imperial court's assets will decrease year by year, and at an extremely fast rate."
"Income. If it is less than the expenditure, there will inevitably be debts, and the debts will continue to expand. What should we do when the world is in debt? "
"I can conclude here that the government and factory groups will inevitably fail!"
Lin Fucheng had been frustrated for a day and finally won back on this issue.
He found that when discussing this matter academically, one still has to put it into practice. To be honest, the other party's rebuttal is sophistry. This is the dilemma of the court, let alone setting up a moral role model like Hai Rui. changed.
Corruption, bloat, rigidity, ineffective investment, and year-on-year decline in return on assets are all unavoidable problems in the rule of law.
Especially the return on assets. The returns on the assets invested by the imperial court have been declining rapidly over the years. The demand has been met, but the supply is still sufficient, so the price will inevitably fall, and the bloated redundant staff will further exacerbate this problem.
As Lin Fucheng said, the official factory group construction will inevitably come to an end.
Zhu Yijun clapped his hands. Lin Fucheng's words still made some sense. Zhu Yijun also understood why Shen Shihang petitioned to put part of the investment in sea opening into the trading house, and the risks needed to be allocated downwards.
"If there is a problem in the official factory, then there will be no problem in the private factory?" Yao Guangqi immediately said dissatisfied: "Just the day before yesterday, my father Yao Changzhen did an inventory of the family business, and he felt something was wrong everywhere. I had no choice but to ask my grandfather to sue my grandmother and send the accountant to the accounting room under the Royal Gewuyuan. Well, this account does not matter. Our family earns 300,000 taels of silver. He wants to earn us 400,000 yuan!”
“Corruption in Minfang is even more serious. After all, the imperial court still has the Metropolitan Procuratorate, the Governor, and the Beizhen Fusi. What does Minfang have?”
< br>Yao Guangqi comes from a powerful and powerful family. He felt the pain of Zhang Siwei back then. Zhang Siwei was a scholar-bureaucrat who had no calculation. Seventy percent of his family's money was eaten by the people below. The Yao family was slightly better, but Yao Changzhen was not. I have abandoned Confucianism and been engaged in business for many years, but 55% of this was taken away by others.
Corruption exists in government factories, but there is no corruption in private factories? Could it be that the greed in human nature is only reflected in official factories, and in private factories, the greed of human nature immediately turns into a moral saint?
“It’s bloated and rigid. After my father checked the accounts, he was so angry that he couldn’t sleep all night long. He planned to clean up all the moths in the family business. Before he started, he found that he couldn’t. Come on, Master Lin, your knowledge is good, but you are not powerful and do not understand our pain at all." Yao Guangqi looked pained.
Lin Fucheng's family is not well-off, at best it can be regarded as a middle-class family. Obviously, he does not understand the pain points of a powerful and powerful family so clearly. He asked doubtfully: "Why can't you eliminate them? Why can’t Qingtai do this job?”
"It's strange that the Qing Dynasty can still survive, but it will be impossible to maintain after the Qing Dynasty." Yao Guangqi said helplessly: "My father was preparing to Qi Qiu, so he tried it at a silk and satin shop. As a result, the shopkeeper, the accountant's relatives and friends all They avoided elimination, but the people who did the work were driven away.”
“What is the essence of bloated and redundant staff? It is nepotism and appeasement. These worms are themselves protected and eliminated. , can’t hit them at all!”
“Oh.”
Yao Guangqi’s words aroused the recognition of everyone present. Since Zhang Siwei’s family’s account book was audited by the royal accountant, this has become a problem. It became a specialized business, and many wealthy and powerful families begged their grandparents to send their account books to the accounting office under the Imperial Palace to see what their problems were. The six-book, one-account accounting method for income and expenditure was implemented. Since then, the accounting problem has been solved.
But for the more serious problem, the court did not provide a solution, which is a pain for everyone.
If you eliminate layoffs, you will definitely cut off the dilemma of the main artery. The reason why people who don’t do anything are moths is because there are people above them. Layoffs cannot eliminate the moths at all. On the contrary, the more they are cut, the lower they will be. The effect is bloated.
This is an inextricable knot.
"The imperial court wants to eliminate people, and behead them if they ask for it. When private lynchings are discovered, we all have to have our heads removed by His Majesty. It's really, wow!" Wu Shizhang, the Wu clan of Wenshui, said heartbrokenly. said.
This problem is particularly serious and the most difficult among the Shanxi merchants. Going to the border to do business is more dangerous than going to the sea to do business. Don’t do business with your head in your belt. Just call you boss to save face. , without giving any face, he just covered his face and robbed both the person and the goods together. "Then since the moths were brought in by the big shopkeepers and shopkeepers, why not start directly from the source?" Lin Fucheng felt that these powerful forces were a bit hard to think about. Since he knew where the problem was, he just took action directly.
Sun Kehong's son, Sun Baoren, was extremely handsome. When he heard Lin Fucheng ask this, he immediately sneered and said, "When Master Lin's feet hurt, why didn't he chop off his own hands and feet?"
"Hahaha! "Wang Qian leaned forward and backward with a smile, which immediately caused everyone to burst into laughter.
"Nah, that, private factories can close down, but can official factories? Official factories belong to the imperial court!" Lin Fucheng blushed at the laughter. He clenched his fists and said loudly: "The private factories cannot be run. If it goes down, you can close it and reopen it when you choose. This is the advantage of freedom. The official factory can only find ways to maintain it. This is the fundamental difference! "
When the official factory of the imperial court is closed, it is a loss of face for the imperial court. , the court cannot close its doors.
"Relationships are not your business." Yao Guangqi chose to sit down. As long as he can continue to operate, he will continue to work even if he sometimes loses money. As long as the industry is still there, hope is still there. After closing the door, it will be completely There is no hope left.
Lin Fucheng is a Confucian master, everyone admits this, but when it comes to doing business, the Zheshe households here have a better understanding.
Corruption and overstaffing are caused by big shopkeepers. If the boss directly eliminates the big shopkeepers, not only will it not solve the problem, but it will often make the situation worse.
This is also the reason why Zheshe households in Xitucheng and merchants in northwestern Shanxi are so eager for ship tickets and even rob the emperor's national debt. The interest on national debt is thin but stable. Those headaches can be left to My wise majesty, let go of the headache and make money while lying down peacefully. The beauties in the brothel are really fragrant.
"Actually, the official factories of the imperial court can also be closed." Zhu Yijun took a sip of water. As soon as he opened his mouth, Qingquan Courtyard finally became quiet. This young master Huang had a bad temper and liked to do things.
Zhu Yijun sighed and said: "During the Yongle period, in order to sail to the Western Ocean, Emperor Cheng Zuwen established a total of twenty-seven shipyards, even in Jilin. Speaking of Jilin shipyards, I am afraid not many people know about it. There are only five government-run shipyards in the Ming Dynasty. After Xuande, there were no more voyages to the West. The shipyards began to be destroyed, the craftsmen were sent home, and the shipyards were abandoned. "
Wan Shihe studied where the shipyards and ships went after the Ming Dynasty stopped sailing to the West, and got an answer. The ships rotted quietly on their berths and slowly sank in the rivers and seawater, while the shipyards Abandoned, covered in weeds and slowly turning into wasteland.
At that time, the Ming Dynasty was not short of money, and Ming Dynasty also had a sea ban. All of these shipyards were abandoned, except for the Longjiang Shipyard outside Nanjing City. During the Jiajing period, it was necessary to build a sealing boat and go to Ryukyu to enthrone the Ryukyu King. , and then re-enable it.
"There is still this ineffective investment, is it really ineffective? We have no talent, who will do the work for us, let's go." Wu Huairen, the Wu family of Dongting, stood up and left directly. His family is a maritime businessman , without the Maritime School, they wouldn’t even have a naval officer! Because there is none!
Why did the Songjiang Sun family dominate the sea trade and leave others behind? Not only did they donate 1.2 million silver to the Maritime Academy, everyone at the Maritime Academy gave Sun a favor. Among those maritime instructors, they recommended accomplished navigators to Songjiang Ocean Trading Company. This was incense.
Is invalid investment really invalid? It has been nine years since the sea was opened. The construction of water conservancy projects, thoroughfares, ditches, bridges and roads may seem like a thankless effort, but everyone is a beneficiary.
The imperial court's investment regardless of cost, especially the ineffective investment that is scorned by free people, is a long-chain, great cause that benefits everyone, while private investment is just a short-chain business that benefits very little.
How many people are supported by the five shipyards upstream and downstream, and how many potential Haoyou will benefit from the opening of the sea in Wanli?
The imperial court has reason and necessity to invest in these long-chain industries that benefit the public. If it really follows the views of the Songjiang School, the imperial court will no longer invest. Who will do these thankless things?
It is false to only discuss the beautiful country established in fantasy without discussing reality. The free city in the corner of the West is just a construct made by liberals with their mouths, not reality.
After Wu Huairen stood up and left, most people left intermittently. Lin Fucheng's lectures undoubtedly failed.
"Why are they all gone? Why do I think what Master Lin said is very reasonable." Zhu Yijun looked around and found that there was really no one there. There was only Wang Qian at his table. The emperor didn't leave. How dare Wang Qian move?
"What is most valuable in a gentleman is that he can be inclusive and draw on the strengths of others. Grandpa Huang is really generous!" Wang Qian had to admit that His Majesty is really very generous. His Majesty still feels that such rebellious remarks have some truth. !
"The teacher taught me, he said, anyone who is in a respected position must treat his subordinates respectfully and obey the rules and regulations when admonishing them. He must open a door that is open to the public and stay quiet to borrow it. Those who admonish should not use authority or authority." His words, based on his words, are worthy of selection, and they are the way for a wise man to govern." Zhu Yijun waved his hand, but he was bound to retaliate.
This remark is not original to Zhang Juzheng. It was said by Liu Xiang, a clan member of the Han Dynasty. It means that those in superior positions must respect their subordinates and listen to what others say. They must listen to both good and bad words. They cannot just pick and choose. To put it nicely, this is an open door. Don't always put on the air of "I am more noble than you" and shut up others. Only when there are more people talking, can you learn from others' strengths and widely adopt everyone's opinions, and choose to adopt them, then you will be wise. A person's journey.
If you are stupid, it is better to follow the script, otherwise you will be fooled.
After understanding the basic logic of social operation, being able to distinguish right from wrong is the best way.
"Master Lin, we have a few things that we don't understand. Can we talk about it?" Zhu Yijun is still very interested in this liberal school. At least it is not completely the sophistry of a Confucian scholar who ignores the facts.
Lin Fucheng saw that there was only one person left, and his expression was full of mixed emotions, including loneliness, but also some relief. The loneliness was that everyone was gone, but the relief was that there was still one person left.
"Sir, do you have any concerns?" Lin Fucheng came over and sat down directly without so much red tape. With this action, Tishuai Zhao Mengyou almost pulled out his sword.
Zhu Yijun immediately asked: "Why does the master think that the official-factory alliance will inevitably fail, and still say so confidently?"
"The official factory tuanzao was just another military garrison. Wang Chonggu was just a sycophant. How could he have done anything pioneering? The official factory tuanzao that originated from the woolen cloth official factory was not the military garrison in the early days of the People's Republic of China. When Emperor Taizu Gao was here, the military garrison was fine. After Emperor Taizu Gao left, Emperor Chengzuwen maintained it no matter what, but in the end the military garrison was completely ruined." Lin Fucheng answered this clearly. question.
There is almost no difference between the official factory and the military garrison in the early days of the Republic of China. The only difference is that one places gangsters as craftsmen, and the other places gangsters as guards. Both provide treatment and production. According to the data, the official factories provided stable labor remuneration, while the military garrison provided fields. There are crafts schools in government factories and regiments, and there are also health and social studies in military garrison stations.
Zhu Yijun thought for a moment and shook his head and said: "It's still different. The means of production of the military garrison are acres, while the means of production of the official factory group is the official factory itself, and the output of the acres is the time. With favorable geographical location, two points for planting, three points for management, and five points for fertilizer, it is difficult to make a big breakthrough, but Guan Factory is different, and Guan Factory is making continuous technological progress."
" What he said makes sense." As a matter of fact, the land is affected by the right time, place and people, and it is difficult to make breakthroughs in the land's output. However, the upper limit of the production method of the official factory does have an endless upper limit with the continuous advancement of technology.
“Look, this Xishan Coal Bureau only produced 50 to 60 million jins of coal in the second year of Wanli. Now it is at least 560 million jins a year. The 50 to 60 million jins of coal cannot even meet the expenses of the tens of thousands of people in the capital. But 560 million kilograms of coal is a steady stream of ironware, which can supply some of the ironware in Gyeonggi, Xuanfu, Datong, Shandong, and Liaodong." Zhu Yijun gave an example to support his point of view.
He pointed to Wang Qian next to him and said: "Wang Cifu's son Wang Qian, you will know if what we said is right or wrong if you ask him."
Lin Fucheng fell into silence, What this young man said makes sense.
Zhu Yijun and Lin Fucheng chatted for an hour and gained a lot.
Zhu Yijun got into the car and said to Feng Bao: "That "Xiaoyao Yiwen" run by Lin Fucheng sent a copy of every issue to the imperial court. He still has something."
< br>The private communication between Zhu Yijun and Master Lin clearly revealed the origin of the Songjiang School, which was the imaginary Free City in Western Europe. The real Free City in Western Europe was nothing more than a pirate den, and the emperor also knew the foundation of the Songjiang School. That is why the influential powerful rightists in Nanya supported the spread of the Songjiang School.
There is a reason why Wang Chonggu's book "Requesting the Equalization of Fields" was scolded to the point where he had to avoid becoming an official.
The fundamental reason for the support of the Songjiang School is what Wang Chonggu said was hidden in Ding. To be more precise, it was the strong personal dependence relationship in the past. Because of the Census Dingkou and the government-factory alliance, it became precarious.
The ineffective investment that Lin Fucheng talked about so much is gradually disintegrating the production relationship between slaves and slave owners in the past.
Government factory group construction involves a large amount of ineffective investment, such as craftsmen’s schools, such as girls’ weaving schools, and the labor remuneration will be settled. At least in order to maintain the face of the court, the craftsmen’s labor remuneration may be in arrears. But it is usually settled at the end of the year.
Every year, some of the craftsmen go to Huangji Gate to see the emperor. Once a craftsman says in His Majesty's ear, "I work hard and don't give me money," then the wrath of thunder will fall from the sky.
Lin Fucheng talked about another point that the Zheshe households could not accept, that is, the Ming Dynasty's live-in craftsmen worked in official factories and did not have to worry about food, clothing, housing and transportation, and their personnel were in the Ministry of Personnel and the Ministry of Personnel. In the Ministry of Civil Affairs, any punishment or elimination of any resident craftsman must go through the Ministry of Civil Affairs.
This leads to a very interesting phenomenon. In fact, the live-in craftsmen of the Ming Dynasty are not too afraid of meat-eaters such as big bosses, general managers, agents, and general managers, because these meat-eaters cannot make the live-in craftsmen Losing their most precious thing - the establishment.
This is simply impossible in a private village. In a private village, a lot of people can make people difficult to death.
What I like most about working is that I have more money, less things to do and is close to home. To a certain extent, living craftsmen have achieved this goal and gained freedom in a certain sense.
The treatment of the live-in craftsmen in the official factory group made the craftsmen in the private workshops think about one thing all the time, that is, to find a way to get into the official factory group and become the leader of the Ming Dynasty's revival. Beneficiary and part.
In a nutshell, everything is organized at the end of the universe.
This is a subtle transformation in production relations. The craftsmen’s voice in official factories far exceeds that of private factories. This is a deliberate move by the court. The main purpose is to advance the technological progress made by the official factories. , countless whimsical ideas require craftsmen to think about solutions during production. The Ming Dynasty's fifth-class merit reward system is also applicable to official factory group manufacturing.
And Wang Chonggu made Pucha Dingkou, and a sharp knife was inserted into the heart of Zheshehu.
Zhang Juzheng returned the land to his father-in-law, and Wang Chonggu conducted a census of Dingkou. They were basically digging up the ancestral graves of the virtuous and powerful gentry in the countryside.
(End of this chapter)