Chapter 275 The second attack! Balmer formula! Bol's epiphany!


Chapter 275 The second attack! Balmer formula! Bol's epiphany!

Although the quantized atomic model solves the shortcomings of the planetary model.

But it is not a perfect theory.

For example, at least the way electrons are arranged outside the nucleus, the current Bohr model cannot explain it.

However, this does not affect the shock it brings to physicists.

Because as long as the correctness of the quantum orbital concept is determined, the electron configuration problem will always be solved.

This is the relationship between the roots and branches and leaves of a big tree.

This is why Bohr started with the first question, because it is the basis of the second question.

So, the key now is whether the core of Bohr's model, orbital quantization, is correct.

Further, whether the Bohr model can solve practical problems.

Bohr is now equivalent to inventing a weapon, but he needs to test whether the weapon's power is up to standard.

Although Bohr was a genius, he had not been exposed to physics for too long after all, and his accumulation was very little.

The advantage of age is reflected at this time.

The older you are, the more papers you have read and the more various issues you know.

At this moment, the older generation of physicists finally felt their presence.

At least they know what unsolved phenomena currently exist in physics.

In other words, it has been solved, but the explanation is not good and new theories are needed to cover it.

For this reason, Bohr had to ask Li Qiwei for help.

With his mentor’s terrifying amount of knowledge and huge network of contacts, it is much better than just thinking about it alone.

In the office, Li Qiwei couldn't help but smile when he heard Bohr's question.

In real history, Bohr was reminded by a German friend to use his model to explain the emission spectrum of atoms.

Thus achieving great success and laying the foundation of theory.

Now that Laue and others are openly questioning the Bohr model, Li Qiwei is about to go to Germany, and he has not seen Professor Planck for a long time.

"Bohr, now you know the difficulty of publishing a completely new theory."

"You have only just begun."

Bohr smiled honestly and said: "I firmly believe that my model is correct."

Li Qiwei smiled and said: "Okay! You are indeed my student. You just need to have this kind of confidence."< br>
“I will take you to Germany to visit Professor Planck.”

“He is much more knowledgeable than me. Let’s see if he can give some advice.”< br>
Bohr was extremely excited.

This time, he finally no longer communicated with Professor Planck as a student.

But as an equal scholar, except that he is a junior.

Bohr was finally qualified to stand on the stage of physics and compete with the big guys, instead of just being a spectator in the audience.

On March 15, 1911, the news that Bruce brought his disciple Bohr to Germany instantly spread throughout the physics community.

Countless people are talking about it.

"Bohr is indeed Bruce's favorite student, and we are starting to build momentum for him."

"Yes, you must know that when Qian Wu discovered superconductivity, Professor Bruce did not mobilize so much."

“Superconductivity is just a physical phenomenon after all, and it is incomparable with Bohr’s model.”

“Recently I heard that the United States is very active in researching superconductivity, and it is even ahead of Europe. , they pushed the superconducting temperature to 100K.”

“Hey, it’s not like Professor Bruce was coerced by them and wrote down the valuable theory of superconducting research. The Yankees are really uncivilized.” >


"."

Li Qiwei and Bohr were warmly welcomed by Planck and others.

At the gate of Berlin University, Planck patted Li Qiwei heavily on the shoulder, the pride in his eyes was self-evident.

At this time, he turned to look at Bohr and said with a smile: "You are the famous Bohr, right."

"I didn't expect that the last time I saw you, you could only... Record aside.”

"In just a short time, you have become a star in the world of physics."

"What a formidable person."

"Your model has helped quantum theory a lot."

“Speaking of which, your mentor and I both have to thank you.”

“You have brought quantum theory to another level and become a truly systematic theory.”
< br>

Planck was obviously in a good mood. Bohr's theory was the strongest support for quantum theory.

If Bohr’s model proves to be correct, then the status of quantum theory will never be shaken again.

The most important thing is that Bohr was a student of Li Qiwei.

So the more Planck looked at each other, the more he liked him.

If it were anyone else, Planck would at best appreciate it, far from liking it.

Later, under the introduction of Planck, Bohr met Laue, Born and other young German physics talents one by one.

He has heard of these people before, and they are all truly talented people.

Bohr naturally did not dare to look down upon him.

Laue stretched out his hand and said with a smile: "Congratulations, Bohr."

"The Bohr model is really a great theory, and I believe it will shine with the brightest light. ”

Bohr said: "Thank you for your compliment, Laue. I came to Germany to study today."

"My theory needs further improvement."

Richvey and Plan Ke watched Bohr and Laue talking with a smile on their faces.

Actually, Laue is one year older than Li Qiwei in terms of age.

But in Li Qiwei's eyes, he always regarded these people as juniors.

This is the status difference brought about by status.

After the greetings, Li Qiwei took Bohr to have friendly academic exchanges with German physicists at the University of Berlin.

Both parties conducted in-depth discussions on their own research fields and gained a lot.

After the public communication ended, Li Qiwei took Bohr to communicate with Planck alone.

The main content is to hope that Planck can find a phenomenon that was previously unexplainable, but that the Bohr model can explain.

During this period, Bohr explained his theory in detail to Planck.

After listening to this, Planck frowned slightly and fell into thinking. After a long time, he said:

"Bohr, the core of your theory is actually the quantized orbit."
< br>“So, I think it needs to be considered from the perspective of quantum discontinuity.”

“Actually, there is a field that is very suitable.”

"And it happens to be the strength of our German physics community."

Bohr was breathing rapidly. He was indeed a senior figure in physics. Did he get the answer so quickly?

Planck continued: "Actually, Bohr, you are smart but have been misled by your cleverness."

"At the first Bruce Conference, your mentor had already asserted that modern physics The core of science is atoms.”

“Once you study atoms clearly, the rest of the problems will be solved easily.”

"Whether it is radioactivity, X-rays in modern physics, or problems in classical physics, they can all be explained."

"One of the problems in classical physics is the spectrum problem of elements."

"Why is the spectrum discrete, not continuous."

"Where do the spectral lines come from, and what is its generation mechanism?"

"If If the spectrum of an element is really related to the structure of the atom, is there any connection between the separation of the spectrum and the quantization of the electron orbit? ”

"After all, their characteristics are discontinuous."

"Spectroscopy research is our strength in Germany. You may be able to read more papers in this area."

Boom!

Planck's analysis opened Bollmauth's head.

It was like a bomb had detonated in his head.

Bohr's notes, which were regarded as treasures by others, were ignored by Bohr himself.

Yes, Bohr’s notes contain classic physics issues summarized by Professor Bruce.

Among them, the spectrum of elements is one of the more important ones.

And the phenomenon of separation is also mentioned.

Professor Lorenz even asked: "Can quantum theory be used to explain spectral problems?"

Therefore, Professor Bruce allowed himself to study the relationship between quantum and atoms.

Why did I forget it?

Bohr was angry and funny with himself, he was completely darkened by the lamp.

In fact, this cannot be blamed on Bohr.

At the time, no one would associate quantum concepts with spectral separation.

Because no one has the theoretical tools.

Li Qiwei’s so-called asking Bohr to study it was just an attempt in the eyes of other big guys.

It's like the instructor said to the student, this direction is very interesting, you can do an experiment and see.

Therefore, not only Bohr could not think of it, but no one else could think of it either.

However, the Bohr model gave Planck hope. Perhaps it holds the key to unlocking the secrets of the elemental spectrum.

At this moment Bohr was breathing rapidly, and he respected Planck more and more.

The older generation of physicists is indeed extraordinary.

They may be unable to study modern physics.

But that keen intuition and vast amount of knowledge will not disappear.

They are a living treasure trove of physics.

At this moment, Bohr no longer dared to underestimate any older generation of physicists.

What's more, Plank is still the top being among the older generation, which is even more terrifying.

Facing Bohr, his most proud student, Planck did not hide his secrets. He continued:

“But spectroscopy is very complicated and messy, with many fields of content. ”

"I can give you a specific reference direction."

"I read your paper, which uses the example of hydrogen atoms when calculating electron energy levels and orbital radii."

"This shows that you are very smart."

"The hydrogen atom is the simplest atom in the periodic table of elements, and its structure is also the simplest, making it a very suitable research object."

"So , and spectroscopy has the most research on it.”

At this point, Planck suddenly asked: "Bohr, do you know Balmer's formula?"

Bohr was stunned, he had never heard of this thing.

His undergraduate major is metal electron theory, and his doctoral topic is atomic structure.

So he had little contact with the content of spectroscopy, and he was even less clear about Balmer's formula.

So Planck began to explain Balmer's formula to Bohr.

Li Qiwei listened with interest. Planck was indeed the top physicist in Germany.

This insight is simply unparalleled.

You must know that Li Qiwei has the experience of later generations, so he is able to do it with ease.

But Planck was able to analyze the connection between the atomic structure and the spectrum of elements just by relying on his paper, which is simply admirable.

In real history, the Bohr model shocked the physics world because it perfectly explained Balmer's formula and further explained the generation and separation of the spectrum.

It can be said that Bohr directly put an end to spectroscopy.

As early as 1850, physicists had measured the emission spectrum of hydrogen in detail (at that time, the existence of atoms was still controversial and they were called elements).

The so-called emission spectrum can be vividly understood as atoms emitting light of different wavelengths outward.

The pattern in which these lights are arranged according to wavelength is the emission spectrum of the atom.

Absorption spectrum means that when atoms are irradiated with light, the atoms will absorb part of the wavelength of light.

The absorbed light, arranged according to wavelength, is the absorption spectrum.

In the visible light range, the emission spectrum of hydrogen element has four spectral lines.

The corresponding wavelengths are 410 nanometers (violet light), 434 nanometers (blue light), 486 nanometers (green light), and 656 nanometers (red light).

Physicists at the time were very curious.

Where do the spectral lines of hydrogen come from?

Why are spectral lines discrete rather than continuous?

Later, physicists discovered that all elements have their own spectra.

Of course, although everyone does not know the mechanism, this does not prevent physicists from using spectroscopy to solve problems, such as Kirchhoff and others.

But no matter what, the mechanism of spectrum has never been solved.

Although limited by the times, physicists still tried hard.

For example, if we study the relationship between the wavelengths of the four spectral lines of the hydrogen element, can we use mathematical formulas to express it and find the rules?

The legend is that this work was not completed by a physicist, but was solved by a Swedish middle school mathematics teacher.

His name is Balmer.

As a mathematics teacher, Balmer felt very bored after class every day, and there were no entertainment activities at that time.

His hobby is to study mathematics, but he cannot understand mathematics that is too advanced with his IQ.

So Balmer was very troubled. He wanted to find some less difficult but interesting mathematical problems to study.

At this time, one of his friends suggested that he try to calculate the relationship between the wavelengths of the spectral lines of the hydrogen element.

That is, 410, 434, 486, 656, the relationship between these four numbers.

Does it look a lot like the pattern-finding game of later generations?

Balmer instantly became interested and felt that this could be done and that it could be related to physics.

Unexpectedly, he actually found a mathematical formula in this test.

λ=B×(m/(m-n)).

Where λ represents the wavelength, B is an empirical constant, approximately equal to 364 nanometers, m and n are positive integers.

Balmer discovered that when n=2, m takes 3, 4, 5, and 6 respectively. After substituting into the formula, the calculated results are exactly 656, 486, 434, and 410.

His talent is simply invincible, and he just made it happen.

Balmer was bored anyway, so he thought one more step, what would happen if n took other values.

For example, when n=3, and m is 4, 5, 6, and 7, what does the calculated result mean?

Unfortunately, Balmer is not a physicist. He did not delve into the physical nature of it, but directly published the results in the form of a paper.

Later, physicists were surprised to find that this formula was really powerful.

The wavelength calculated by Balmer when n=3 is actually the spectral line of hydrogen in the infrared region (the so-called infrared region refers to the range of light with wavelengths exceeding 750 nanometers).

It was discovered by the German physicist Paschen in 1908 and named the Paschen system.

The original four emission spectral lines of hydrogen are called the Balmer series.

At this time, Planck's voice interrupted Li Qiwei's thoughts, "Although Balmer's formula successfully predicted the emission spectrum of hydrogen."

"But until now, no one has Know the physical meaning behind it.”

Boom!

As soon as Planck finished speaking, Bohr felt like the world was shattering.

Aren’t m and n in Balmer’s formula exactly the orbital quantum numbers in Bohr’s model?

m and n can only be positive integers, don’t they correspond to the orbital quantum numbers 1, 2, and 3

“God, this is amazing.”

At this moment , Bohr has been completely immersed in Balmer's formula.

He has already thought of how to perfectly interpret the physical meaning of this formula.

Planck was also surprised when he saw Bohr's appearance.

This child is smarter than he thought. It seems that the other party has the answer?

This is too exaggerated.

I still can’t figure it out at all.

He couldn't help but look at Li Qiwei again. He was indeed the student he brought out, and his talent was exactly the same.

Looking at Bohr's impatience, Planck knew that he could no longer keep him here.

So, he smiled and said: "Okay Bohr, since you already have an idea, go back with your supervisor quickly."

"Send out the paper quickly , I’m still waiting to see.”

Bohr woke up from his own world, and then thanked him from the bottom of his heart.

"Thank you so much, Professor Planck."

"Your advice is so important to me."

Planck said indifferently: "Looking at you young I will be happy and satisfied if we can continue to make breakthroughs."

"The future belongs to you"

Soon, Li Qiwei was going to take Bohr to say goodbye to Planck.

Bohr had been thinking about Balmer's formula and walked forward without realizing that Ridgway was being pulled by Plan.

I saw him asking in a low voice: "Bruce, tell me honestly, don't you know Balmer's formula?"

"Why didn't you tell Bohr?"

Li Qiwei smiled awkwardly, touched his nose, and said with a smile: "Well, I mainly want to see you, teacher."

Plank was startled when he heard this, and Li Qiwei touched his heart. The softest place.

This kind of oriental delicate emotion made the German Max Planck a little overwhelmed.

His eyes instantly turned red and his nose was slightly sour. With this student in his life, what more could he ask for.

Although Li Qiwei had never attended one of his classes, the two seemed to know each other secretly.

Planck recalled that afternoon on the Cambridge University Arch Bridge in his mind.

The waves are sparkling, the breeze is blowing, everything is just right.

"You, aren't you torturing Bohr, running so far back and forth."

Li Qiwei said with a smile: "There is no harm in young people running more."

The two laughed heartily.

Bohr, who was walking in front, discovered that mentor Bruce was still behind.

And he and Professor Planck suddenly laughed.

Bohr was very happy, thinking that they must be happy for themselves.

After all, he would soon be able to prove the correctness of Bohr's model.

(End of this chapter)

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