Chapter 276 The real quantum theory! A sensation in the world of physics!
After Ridgway returned to England with Bohr, Bohr went into seclusion again.
He rushed into the library and crazily killed the students in the same department.
Chris and others are jealous of the chicken.
“Oh, my God, is Bohr going to publish another paper?”
Qian Wushi said calmly: "I guess he has found a way to verify Bohr's model."
"Hey, Bohr is indeed a genius. He is far ahead of us."
The Chris trio nodded in unison, trembling.
Qian Wushi, as the discoverer of superconductivity, is now second only to Bohr.
He and Bohr were young talents at King's College London, rising stars in the world of physics.
But they can never reach the heights of Li Qiwei.
Because that is the result of the particularity of the times.
In early 1900, modern physics was not even in its infancy.
All physicists are in darkness.
It was Li Qiwei who single-handedly opened up a new path for physics and illuminated the direction of the future.
Quantum theory and special relativity laid the foundation of modern physics.
From this point of view, Li Qiwei’s status is unique in physics.
The so-called X-rays, superconductivity, etc., are all things within the framework.
It is the Bohr model, which is an important supplement to quantum theory.
Therefore, Bohr's status is higher than that of Qian Wushi, Laue and others.
Of course, the premise is that his model is correct and can withstand experimental verification.
In the library, Bohr was writing rapidly, his smile almost crooked his mouth.
He could no longer imagine how shocking his paper would be to the physics community.
On April 20, 1911, after Bohr published his first paper, he published another paper with the same title.
The article not only theoretically verifies the Bohr model, but also explains several very important physical phenomena.
Once the paper was published, it immediately caused huge waves in the physics community.
Countless physicists were stunned. The content of Bohr's paper was really shocking.
In this paper "On the Structure of Atoms", Bohr used his model to perfectly explain Balmer's formula.
Bohr believed that m and n in Balmer's formula represented the sequence of electron orbits.
When n=1, it means that the electron is in the ground state.
When m=2, 3, or 4, it means that the electron is in an excited state.
Electrons in the excited state are unstable, so the electrons will jump from the excited state to the ground state. Bohr called this process [electronic transition].
During the electronic transition process, the electrons will radiate energy outward in the form of electromagnetic waves.
The energy value is the energy difference between the two energy levels.
The wavelength of radiated light can be directly calculated using the [Li-Planck radiation formula], that is, E=hv, where E is the energy difference.
In the same way, when an electron transitions from the ground state to the excited state, it needs to absorb energy, and the energy value is also the energy difference between the two energy levels.
Based on the theory of electronic transitions, Bohr gave a theoretical explanation of the mechanism of elemental spectra.
Take the spectrum of hydrogen atoms as an example:
m=3, 4, 5, 6, an electronic transition occurs to n=2, and a specific spectrum is emitted, forming the Balmer system.
m=4,, 5, 6, 7, electronic transition occurs to n=3, and a specific spectrum is emitted, forming the Paschen series.
Then Bohr made another prediction.
m=2, 3, 4, 5, electronic transition occurs to n=1, and according to calculations, its emission spectrum will fall in the ultraviolet region.
At present, Lyman has discovered an ultraviolet emission spectrum line of hydrogen atoms in 1906.
So according to Bohr's theory, there will be several other spectral lines that have not been discovered.
A spectral line system similar to the Balmer system will eventually be formed.
After achieving complete success in the interpretation of Balmer's formula and the atomic spectrum.
Bohr was still unfinished, and he boldly expanded in his paper to explain two other phenomena.
The first one is the flame reaction.
When certain metals or their compounds burn, the flame will show a special color.
Different elements burn, and the colors of the flames are also different.
According to the electron transition theory, Bohr believed that the so-called flame reaction is when electrons in atoms absorb energy and transition from the ground state to the excited state.
Then the electron jumps from the excited state back to the ground state, releasing energy in the form of light.
Light of different colors is light of different wavelengths, corresponding to different energy level differences.
Because different elements have different energy levels, the wavelengths of the final radiated light are different.
This is the essential mechanism of flame reaction.
The second is the generation of X-rays.
Bohr believed that when electrons with sufficient energy bombard metal elements, X-rays can be produced because the ground-state electrons in the metal atoms are impacted and transitioned, leaving the electrons in an excited state.
Then the excited state electrons transition downward and return to the ground state. The light radiated in this process is X-rays, and their energy is the energy level difference.
Based on calculations, Bohr believed that the frequencies of X-rays produced by different metals are different.
In turn, based on the frequency of X-rays emitted by metal atoms, combined with the Bohr model, the number of electrons in the atom can be calculated, and the nuclear charge of the atom can be deduced.
The above is the generation mechanism of X-rays.
Originally Bohr wanted to use his own theory to explain the mechanism of gamma rays.
But no matter how he calculated, the data did not match, so he had to give up.
Bohr didn’t know that the generation of gamma rays involves the action of atomic nuclei and has nothing to do with electronic transitions, so of course he couldn’t calculate it.
However, even so, the content of this paper is enough to make all physicists completely crazy.
The physics community is even more excited!
Boom!
Countless people were stunned by Bohr's paper.
“Oh, my God, Bohr actually proved the mechanism of X-ray generation theoretically. This is terrible.”
“Doesn’t it mean that Bohr’s theory Directly ended the three major physical directions of spectroscopy, periodic table of elements, and X-rays. ”
"It's terrible, it's simply terrible."
"This is the real quantum theory, mature quantum theory, a brand new physical theory!"
Germany, when Röntgen and Plann After Ke and others read the paper, they were all shocked and speechless.
Germany has been researching for decades and has been leading the world in the field of spectroscopy.
Now it was directly terminated by a paper.
In the future, all element spectrum problems are no longer isolated physical phenomena, but have theories to explain their mechanisms.
Bohr can reach a country with one man!
Planck smiled bitterly and said: "I didn't expect that I would give him a suggestion that day."
"This kid Bohr actually made such exciting results, it's really a stroke of genius. What a genius.”
Roentgen said with a smile: “Thanks to you and Bruce’s guidance.”
"Otherwise, Bohr alone wouldn't have been able to figure it out."
"Look at it this way, we in Germany are still ahead in spectroscopy because of you."
After that, the two of them laughed. laughing out loud.
But Laue couldn't laugh anymore.
When he saw Bohr's paper, he gasped and felt his scalp numb.
His three good friends, Erwald and the others, had their eyes widened with disbelief on their faces.
“My old swan, Bohr theoretically proved the essence of X-rays, which are just electromagnetic waves emitted by electron transitions.”
“Awesome, really awesome, I can't figure out the concept of electronic transition in ten lifetimes."
"We spent countless days and nights and conducted countless experiments to prove that X-rays are electromagnetic waves, and Bohr deduced it with just a pen. Come out.”
“Is this the strength of a top genius?”
"It is said that Bohr was able to think of explaining Balmer's formula with the help of Professor Bruce and Professor Planck."
"This pair of master and disciple is simply incredible." Listening to the sigh of his friend, Laue had mixed feelings in his heart.
Crystal diffraction proved that X-rays are electromagnetic waves, which can be said to be his most proud achievement, winning him countless honors and applause.
When Einstein became famous and unknown, he had never been in such a turbulent state of mind.
However, the appearance of Bohr almost broke his Taoist heart.
“It turns out that geniuses are also divided into levels.”
If Laue is a genius, then Bohr is the genius among geniuses, and Li Qiwei is the cube of genius.
This gap is a problem that no genius can ignore.
Geniuses are all arrogant. No one will think that they will lose before there is a comparison.
However, once there is a fair comparison, especially the direct correlation between Bohr and Laue, it is indeed easy to cause a blow.
However, Laue came out of adversity after all, and soon he regained his mood.
On the contrary, he smiled and said: "Look, I forced Bohr to publish a paper so quickly."
"If I hadn't published a public article questioning Bohr's model, I guess he would have Still leisurely enjoying the admiration of others.”
After hearing this, the three Ewald laughed. This is the real Laue and what they like.
The Bohr model has only just begun, and the future of physics is bright enough.
If we talk about Germany and Laue, they were shocked by the explanation of spectroscopy by the Bohr model.
So Rutherford and Soddy were shocked by the explanation of the periodic table of elements.
According to the predictions of Bohr's model, the nuclear charge of an atom can be calculated by measuring the X-rays emitted by metal elements.
Doesn’t that mean that this method can correct the order of the periodic table of elements, or even discover new elements?
boom!
Rutherford couldn't sit still at all.
He quickly asked his subordinate Moseley to verify the correctness of this theory.
Moseley is a physics lecturer in Rutherford's team and plays a role of assistant.
In real history, Moseley went from calcium experiments to zinc based on the predictions of Bohr's theory.
As more and more elements were tested, he verified Soddy's theory that the elements are arranged in order according to their nuclear charge.
This can be regarded as a final conclusion on the rules of the periodic table of elements.
And he also found that the wavelengths of X-rays emitted by adjacent elements are very close because they only differ by one nuclear charge.
So it can be inferred that if the X-ray wavelengths emitted by two adjacent elements are very different, it means that there are unknown elements between them.
Sure enough, based on this idea, Moseley predicted four new elements, and they were all quickly found.
Unfortunately, he never had the opportunity to see his theory verified.
Because he later died in World War I in 1915.
Except for physicists related to spectroscopy, X-rays, and the periodic table of elements, others were no less shocked by Bohr's paper.
Especially Danish students regard Bohr as their idol.
Oster, a physicist at the University of Copenhagen, even shouted: "Bohr will be the representative of Danish physics."
"Denmark finally has a world-class physicist."
Boom!
For a time, Bohr's reputation was at its peak.
Everyone has witnessed the rising supernova of physics.
His brilliance is even approaching that of his mentor, Bruce, the number one man in physics today.
Of course, no one currently thinks Bohr has surpassed his mentor.
After all, his theories are based on blues.
But even so, Bohr instantly became at least a senior physicist.
This made Wilson and others burst into tears.
“God, I still remember the first time I met Bohr.”
"At that time, he was an energetic young man, and he respectfully called me professor."
"However, after not seeing me for a few years, he left me far away."
"I'm afraid it will be the other way around in the future. I'll have to call him Professor Bohr." Wilson looked up to the sky and sighed, feeling more infuriated than others.
Thomson was also full of emotions. He never expected that the young man he was not optimistic about at the beginning could achieve such an achievement.
He felt scared for a while, but fortunately he did not miss Li Qiwei.
Otherwise, he would probably become the object of ridicule by everyone in the physics community.
“I have a keen eye and discovered Bruce.”
“Bruce inherited my keen eye and discovered Bohr.”
“This is equivalent to I discovered Bohr."
"Well, this will be recorded in my biography from now on."
"I don't know if Bohr is married. I have to ask Bruce to warn him not to get married early."
"The Bohr model has just begun."
"There is still a lot of development. Space.”
Bohr’s second paper caused a much greater sensation than the first.
Because he used specific experimental results to prove the correctness of Bohr's model.
Moreover, Balmer's formula is still a difficult problem that has troubled the physics community for decades, and now it has finally been solved.
If we say that Laue, Bragg, Qian Wushi and others opened the curtain of modern physics.
Then Bohr is equivalent to setting off a big firework, making the stage of physics extremely gorgeous.
He became the protagonist of this drama.
What many people know is that the protagonist Bohr was created by Bruce.
When Bohr was still a teenager, he was "seduced" by Bruce into the path of physics.
Bohr was rejected by Thomson when he was studying for a Ph.D., and it was Bruce who extended an olive branch to him.
Bohr’s topic was given by Bruce, and he also took him to the first Bruce Conference.
For the verification of Bohr's theory, Li Qiwei took him to Professor Planck for advice.
Bruce cleared all obstacles for Bohr.
Of course, for all these achievements, Bohr's own efforts and talent are the most important.
If your personal abilities are not good enough, no matter how much help you get from outsiders, it will be useless.
But no matter what, it was Bruce who paved the way for Bohr.
Now he is not only the first person in physics, but also has an additional title: the first person in physics education.
Such a teacher is the dream teacher of countless students.
When they compared Li Qiwei with their teacher, they immediately no longer wanted to respect their teacher, and they only felt endless bitterness in their hearts.
Now, this dream lover, envied by countless people, will give Bohr even greater support.
Recently, Ridgway has received joint suggestions from Planck, Thomson, Einstein and others.
Another conference is to be held separately for quantum theory.
Many physicists gathered together to discuss the future of quantum theory, just like special relativity.
Li Qiwei was filled with emotions.
Eleven years have passed since the first quantum theory conference.
The host at that time was Lord Kelvin.
At the meeting, Li Qiwei faced off against all the big guys, chatting and laughing, looking down on the world.
The photoelectric effect was revealed on the spot and convinced everyone present.
Finally opened up the science of quantum theory.
Next, Millikan used experiments to verify the correctness of the photoelectric effect.
Then Einstein used quantum theory to explain the specific heat of solids, once again justifying quantum theory.
Now, Bohr's theory is the final word, shocking the world of physics.
Quantum theory is no longer in doubt!
Li Qiwei looked back on the past with great pride.
Do it!
A big event!
(End of this chapter)