Chapter 281 Unreasonable Quantum! Strong evidence! In the field of physics, great efforts can produce miracles!
The second quantum theory conference officially begins.
The top physicists from all over the world are gathered here, as well as young talents from all walks of life. It can be called a bright star.
As a newly rising junior in the world of physics, Bohr, like his mentor Bruce, had no stage fright.
The confident and powerful momentum shocked everyone in the venue.
His theory can be said to be completed by the wisdom of three people.
These three people are today’s Big Three of quantum theory.
Under the gaze of everyone, Bohr said:
“It has been 11 years since the quantum concept was proposed in 1900.”
“The problem of black body radiation , photoelectric effect, solid specific heat, these are its specific applications. ”
"Although the theory of light quantum has not been fully accepted yet."
"But at least the problem can be explained using the concept of quantum."
"As we all know, physical laws and laws have never been It depends on how elegant its mathematical form is."
"But whether it can solve practical problems."
"However, even quantum concepts can already explain many physical phenomena."< br>
“But it does not have its own system, it is just an isolated symbol.”
“That’s why, at the first Bruce Conference, Professor Bruce proposed the need to develop a brand new theory.”
< br>“Now, the quantum theory that adds the Bohr model is such a theory.”
“It can systematically explain the emission spectrum of atoms, the order of the periodic table of elements, and the movement of electrons.”
“The core of this theory is that the orbit of electrons is quantized.”
"Actually, if you can think deeply, you will find a very interesting situation."
"The concept of orbit is from classical physics, and the concept of quantum is from modern physics."
< br>“But in the atom, they seem to be perfectly fused together.”
“It is as if there is a bridge that does not exist, connecting two completely different things.”
“There may be some deep truth in this.”
"I know that everyone here must have a question in their mind, and many people have asked me privately."
"That is why the orbit of electrons is quantized?"
< br>“Although the evidence I cited is that the angular momentum of the electron is quantized.”
“But we can still ask why the angular momentum of the electron is quantized.”
“From I have been thinking about this issue since the paper was published.”
"I'm sorry, I can't think of a reason."
"I can only say that because the world is quantum, it is not continuous."
"Only we are willing to accept this point of view , to truly understand quantum theory.”
Boom!
Bohr’s words immediately caused a lot of discussion in the audience.
The big guys in the first three areas all frowned secretly.
Obviously, Bohr's answer did not satisfy them very much.
What does it mean that the world is like this?
Isn’t it the duty of a physicist to explore the nature of the world?
This statement is suspected of being a rogue.
Although the special theory of relativity is also shocking, it is at least based on realistic natural physical phenomena.
Then go through rigorous mathematical derivation.
Unless the physical phenomena and mathematics are wrong, the content of the special theory of relativity will not be wrong.
What everyone questions is only its scope of application, inertial and non-inertial systems.
But the Bohr model is different.
Today's physicists have no way of seeing what's like inside an atom.
I don’t even know what electrons look like.
Everyone regards the electron as a small ball with extremely small volume and mass.
So it’s hard to imagine how a small ball in space could have a specific orbit?
And no electromagnetic radiation will occur in this orbit.
This again goes against Maxwell's electromagnetic theory.
So, although the Bohr model became an instant hit and became famous in the physics community.
Because it does solve many practical problems, especially the nature of X-rays and flame color reaction, the reasoning is very clear.
But this theory, like the special theory of relativity, is not perfect at present.
Bohr was slightly affected by the comments in the audience.
No way, he thought about this sentence for a long time before finally deciding to say it.
Because apart from this explanation, Bohr really didn't know how to find the first cause.
Li Qiwei looked at the crowd and felt helpless.
This is the peculiarity of the quantum world.
Even in later generations, physicists can only accept this concept.
If you don’t even accept this, then it will be even more difficult to understand the advanced version of quantum theory, quantum mechanics.
Students of later generations found quantum mechanics to be very simple.
Isn’t it just a quantum concept? Accept it happily.
After all, this is the test.
But if you really study the history of physics from beginning to end, you will find that it is difficult to accept the concept of quantum.
In real history, Bohr, who proposed the quantized atomic model, did not acknowledge Einstein's light quantum hypothesis.
He firmly believes that light is a continuous wave, not a quantum.
You see, even Bohr himself was so cautious and rigorous about the concept of quantum.
The situation at that time was that if you can explain it without using quantum concepts, you don’t need to.
Atomic structure is used because it has to be used.
At this time, Bohr continued: "I know that this statement must be difficult for the academic community to accept at present."
"So, I think the focus of quantum theory is to find more examples. To prove the rationality of Bohr's model."
"For example, Balmer's formula, X-rays, and flame reaction."
"As long as there is enough evidence."
< br>“Then the possibility of errors in the core ideas of quantum theory will be infinitely reduced.”
Bohr's words were finally recognized.
There is nothing wrong with this idea.
After a new theory is proposed, it needs to be verified by experiments immediately.
After many experiments, they are in good agreement with the theory.
In the absence of other better theories, the temporary theory is correct.
Physicists are very realistic.
As long as it is useful and can simulate reality, then I believe you.
Don't make so many messes with me.
There is a famous joke in later generations.
How to prove that all odd numbers except 1 are prime numbers.
Mathematician: 3 is a prime number, 5 is a prime number, 7 is a prime number, 9 is not a prime number, there are counterexamples, and the proposition is wrong.
Physicist: 3 is a prime number, 5 is a prime number, 7 is a prime number, 9 is not a prime number (an error), 11 is a prime number, and 13 is a prime number;
The experimental sample size is enough, The error is negligible, so the proposition is proved to be true.
This joke speaks volumes about the pragmatism of physicists.
A theory does not require it to be exquisite, but to be useful.
If Bohr's model can really be verified by many experiments, it will prove that it is a correct theory.
It’s so simple and crude.
Next, Bohr introduced his research process in detail.
He drew a model of the orbit of the hydrogen atom on a projector.
In the middle is the nucleus, with circular orbits arranged one after another from the inside out.
Only in these orbits do electrons exist.
As for other spaces inside the atom, electrons cannot exist.
During Bohr's narration, everyone discovered that the so-called Bohr model was not simple at all. This requires a lot of calculations.
Energy levels, transitions, emission spectrum wavelengths, etc.
Moreover, the content of the paper was streamlined, and Bohr's speech was more detailed and detailed, allowing everyone to feel the charm of cutting-edge physics.
Soon, Bohr systematically elaborated his theory.
Suddenly there was thunderous applause from the audience.
This rising star in physics has won respect with his strength.
After everyone’s applause gradually subsided, Li Qiwei said:
"Originally according to the normal meeting process, now it should be the question and answer session."
"But this meeting is very special."
"Because the influence of Bohr's model is very wide, there are many Everyone is studying it, and they have achieved good results."
"Several people have privately requested me to publish their latest results at the conference to rectify the name of the Bohr model."< br>
“Of course I am very happy about this.”
“The focus of the conference is academic exchanges.”
“And the theme of this conference is Quantum Summit.”
“It is to discuss the pinnacle of quantum theory.”
>"Let's see how far this brand new theory can go."
"Therefore, I very much welcome any research related to it."
"And everyone can rest assured that I have seen all the results shared on stage today."
"I can only say that modern physics is really exciting."
"Being able to experience this The prosperous times are lucky for all of us in the field of physics.”
Li Qiwei’s words instantly aroused the interest of those present.
They thought that such research should be seen in the next branch meeting.
There are still many people studying atoms in the physics community today.
So the meeting lasted for three days, which was enough for everyone to fully communicate and discuss.
I just didn’t expect that some people would have such an honor.
To be able to talk about his research results in front of so many physics experts.
What an exciting thing that is.
Many people regretted that they just came to watch the show without preparing their own results.
Suddenly, Li Qiwei changed his voice and said with a smile:
"Of course, those who want to find trouble, please bear with me for a while."
"I treat Those who support Bohr must have priority over those who oppose Bohr."
The audience burst into laughter.
Li Qiwei's words were not serious, but had a hint of ridicule.
“Hahaha, Bruce was scared by the previous relativity conference. The questions from the big guys were more tricky than the last.”
“Let me just say, a conference without questions is No soul."
"Look at Bohr's expression, he is already trembling."
"."
It seems that there is bound to be something good to watch today.
With so many big guys present, they will definitely not let Bohr pass easily.
Can he be like his mentor and be proud of others?
Under everyone's discussion, the first people to share were G. Hertz and Frank from Germany.
With excitement, the two men walked cautiously to the podium and shook hands with Bohr and Li Qiwei in turn.
Next to the podium, another projector has been prepared for the audience's use.
G. Hertz, as the nephew of the great Hertz who discovered electromagnetic waves, is also well-known in the physics community.
No way, his uncle is so famous that as long as he steps into physics, it will be difficult for him to keep a low profile.
Just like Darwin’s grandson Galton.
The descendants of famous people always receive special attention.
At this time, G. Hertz said in his energetic voice with a slight tremor:
“Frank and I’s research direction is about electron collisions.”
“We are using When electrons bombarded mercury atoms, a strange phenomenon was discovered. "
"As long as mercury atoms emit ultraviolet light, the electrons bombarding mercury atoms will lose 4.9ev of energy."
"Using the Bohr model can perfectly explain this phenomenon."
“4.9ev is the energy difference between the ground state of the mercury atom and the first excited state.”
“So as long as the bombarded electron exceeds this energy value, the electron in the ground state of the mercury atom will jump to the first excited state. Excited state."
"Then the electron in the first excited state transitions downward to the ground state. In this process, energy is released in the form of electromagnetic waves."
"According to [Li- According to Planck's radiation formula, its wavelength falls in the ultraviolet band."
"The results of this experiment are in perfect agreement with Bohr's theory."
"So, I think it is strong evidence to verify Bohr's model."
G. Hertz explained while sharing his experimental data.
Everyone in the audience was attracted in.
This perfect coincidence of theory and experiment makes everyone present feel a kind of enjoyment.
The pleasure of human wisdom dominating the objective world is unparalleled.
In real history, G. Hertz and Frank jointly won the 1925 Nobel Prize in Physics for their research on the collision laws of electrons.
After listening to G. Hertz’s report, Bohr’s face suddenly flushed.
He said so much before, but he was not as shocked as the other party's experimental results.
Words lie, but numbers never lie.
The applause from the crowd made G. Hertz’s heart surge with excitement.
He had never experienced such a big scene before, and he sighed in his heart:
"Sure enough, only by standing on such a stage can you be considered a real physicist."
" This feeling is really intoxicating.”
Then, G. Hertz nodded to everyone and Li Qiwei and Bohr, and then walked off the stage neatly.
In this case, they will definitely not go through all the details. That will be done later in the paper.
When giving a report in front of so many people, especially if there are many big bosses present, you must talk about the core content.
Watching the two of them go down, Li Qiwei suddenly thought of something interesting.
The favorite experiment of physicists of this era is "boom", literally boom. (I really don’t like using bombardment)
Bombard it with electrons;
Bombard it with alpha particles;
Use X-rays to bombard it;
Anyway, I will bombard you with various methods and substances.
If you don't keep it together, you can discover a new phenomenon and become famous in one battle.
Roentgen discovered X-rays by bombarding metal targets with electrons.
Li Qiwei bombarded gold foil with alpha particles and discovered the atomic nucleus.
Unfortunately, de Broglie's brother Maurice bombarded the gas with X-rays and found nothing.
Of course, this is related to his scientific research capabilities. In fact, X-ray bombardment has also produced many results, some of which are Nobel Prize-level.
The most famous experiment in later generations is probably the particle accelerator.
That’s really the most powerful Todoroki!
Even if you are not careful, you can blast out a black hole, and the earth will directly declare gg.
When the particle accelerator was first built, physicists argued that they could not rule out the possibility of impacting a miniature black hole.
Today, G. Hertz bombarded mercury atoms with electrons and verified Bohr's model.
So, the saying that great efforts can produce miracles is also applicable in the field of physics.
When you don’t know what to study, then go for it!
"Please invite the next bombardment."
(End of this chapter)