Chapter 282 The first challenger, the third way of electronic transition!
The experimental results of G. Hertz and Frank have become another strong evidence for the Bohr model.
And it is of great reference significance for the study of electron collisions.
When electrons bombard atoms, they not only emit X-rays, but also ultraviolet rays.
Even further, as long as the energy of the electrons is appropriate and the types of atoms are appropriate, the physics community can bombard light with many different wavelengths.
But no one has been able to produce gamma rays yet, which makes everyone feel strange.
Because gamma rays were proved by Rutherford to be an electromagnetic wave.
Before everyone could think about it, another person came on stage at Li Qiwei’s signal.
He is Rutherford's assistant Moseley.
I am also a physics lecturer.
Seeing the other party walking up to the podium, Rutherford smiled slightly.
This achievement was accomplished under his guidance.
Moseley is a bit calmer than G. Hertz.
After all, his team at Rutherford was originally a world-class physics team and had naturally seen big events.
“Hello everyone, my research is about X-rays.”
"According to the derivation of Bohr's model, if you bombard metal atoms with electrons, as long as the energy is enough, the atoms can release X-rays."
"And because different metal elements have different energy level differences, they produce The wavelength of X-rays is also different."
"I verified this theory experimentally."
"Please look at the data."
Moseley showed his experiment. There are dozens of metal atoms, each emitting X-rays of a specific wavelength.
Moreover, he also calculated the nuclear charge of the corresponding atoms, and the results were consistent with reality.
Causing a burst of exclamation.
Especially Laue and Sodi were the most excited.
Moseley's experiment made them feel extremely amazing.
Others present were also shocked.
Because Moseley's results perfectly proved the correctness of Bohr's model.
It can be said that his experiments with G. Hertz have left most people present with no doubts about the Bohr model and quantum theory.
Theory and experiment are so consistent!
It is as perfect as Maxwell's equations.
Originally, everyone thought it was over here, but unexpectedly, Moseley was not over yet.
What he said next made the venue go crazy.
“In addition, we can derive a phenomenon based on the wavelength of X-rays.”
“That is, in the periodic table of elements, the X-ray wavelengths of two adjacent elements are very close.”< br>
“Because there is only one nuclear charge difference between them.”
“If the wavelength difference is very large, it means that there are unknown elements between them.”
"So, using this characteristic, I sorted out the combinations of adjacent elements whose X-ray differences are too large."
"I predicted the four positions of 42, 43, 72, and 75 in the periodic table of elements. , there should be new elements that have not been discovered.”
“In other words, this is a feasible method to find new elements.”
“Of course, this is not 100% possible. Success, the X-rays of some atoms are very strange."
"Finally, this method was proposed by Professor Rutherford, and I verified it."
Moseley just finished speaking.
Boom!
There was an uproar in the venue.
Moseley's research results are really unbelievable.
Find a feasible theory to discover new elements.
Sodi stared at the content on the screen.
“Oh my god, this is another death blow of physics to chemistry.”
“Physical theories and methods can guide chemists to discover new elements.”
< br>“This is like a fantasy.”
“Before this, chemists discovered new elements all by chance, or by luck.”
"The world of chemistry is about to change again."
There are also many chemists here today, and they feel the same as Sodi.
The physicist’s thighs are really too thick, I need to hug them tightly from now on.
If chemists were excited about Moseley's results, then physicists were purely shocked.
No one expected that Bohr’s model not only explained the nature of X-rays, but also gave birth to a new method of searching for elements.
This was an unexpected surprise.
At this moment, everyone’s attitude towards Bohr’s model has completely changed.
They not only agree, but want to dig deeper and expand. Maybe they can discover such amazing results like Moseley.
“Professor Rutherford is indeed the physicist who is most like a chemist.”
“His work can be classified into the field of chemistry.”
"It seems that the Nobel Prize was not awarded wrongly. He really should win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry."
Rutherford's face turned dark when he heard these comments in the audience.
Crying in my heart: I don’t want to be a chemist! I am a pure physicist!
Soon, a burst of applause broke out in the venue. Everyone admired Moseley's experiment very much.
When Bohr saw this scene, he felt that the big stone in his heart had finally fallen to the ground.
Before the meeting, he didn't know about this link.
I am also preparing questions from the big guys.
Unexpectedly, Professor Bruce gave him such a surprise.
Bohr would not believe it even to death if he said it was someone randomly arranged by the other party.
These two examples are both strong support for the Bohr model.
It can be said that with them, Bohr became more confident in facing the next questions.
Because at least his theory can solve so many practical problems.
And those that cannot be solved temporarily cannot prove that the theory is wrong. At best, they need to be improved.
Mistakes and perfection are completely different.
Maxwell's equations have been perfected before they have the simple form they have now.
At this time, Li Qiwei spoke as the host.
“What a wonderful experiment and idea.”
“Moseley, your work is very beautiful.”
Hearing Li Qiwei’s praise, Moseley could not be more calm. I couldn't help but get excited.
That is the famous Professor Bruce, who never praises others easily.
Anyone who is praised is either a genius or still a genius.
Moseley suddenly felt as sweet as honey.
Although his results are destined to miss the Nobel Prize, because it is an experiment based on Bohr's model theory and does not propose anything new.
G. Hertz and Frank won the Nobel Prize not because of mercury atoms and ultraviolet light, but because they discovered the law of electron collisions.
But this still cannot conceal the importance of this work.
Moseley himself would become famous as a result.
"Thank you for the opportunity, Professor Bruce."
Soon, Moseley also walked off the podium amidst the admiration of everyone.
The appearance of two young researchers in succession made those present very satisfied with Li Qiwei’s arrangement.
Because the experiments of both groups are very, very exciting.
It embodies the research charm of modern physics.
It also proves that quantum theory, as a brand-new theory, has sufficient theoretical and application value.
It is a theory worthy of further study.
Just when Li Qiwei was about to announce that this session was over and move on to the next question session.
Suddenly, a man stood up.
Li Qiwei took a closer look and saw that it was Einstein.
Bohr's heart couldn't help but beat.
This is no ordinary character.
Although because of the appearance of Li Qiwei, Einstein is not as invincible as he was in real history.
But he is still a top physicist.
Published two papers in a row, theoretically proving the existence of atoms;
jointly published the special theory of relativity with Bruce;
using quantum concepts to explain the specific heat of solids. It can be said that with these three achievements, Einstein is enough to make it difficult for countless people to catch up.
Everyone in the audience was obviously deeply impressed by Einstein.
The other party's keen physical intuition is the most desirable quality for a physicist.
Now, everyone is confused about Einstein’s purpose of standing up.
“Did Einstein also make some achievements using Bohr’s model?”
“God, if this continues, today’s meeting will soon turn into a Bohr fan meeting. ."
"Everyone is here to cheer and support him."
"But it doesn't look like Einstein, otherwise he must have told Bruce in advance that their personal relationship is very good."
The powerful war reporters started a new round of speculation.
From the explosion of celestial bodies to the fight of ants, their presence and commentary are everywhere.
Whether you are into relativity theory or quantum theory, you can do both.
At this time, Einstein smiled and said: "Bruce, I don't want to share the experimental results."
"But I want to share a theoretical result with you."
"Of course, it is closely related to the Bohr model."
"I think there is something that needs to be added to the Bohr model."
Wow!
Einstein’s words shocked the entire audience.
It turns out that he was not trying to defend Bohr's model, but rather pointing out its shortcomings.
Is what is coming finally coming?
The experiments of G. Hertz and Moseley fully proved the correctness of Bohr's model.
And now, the first challenger finally appears.
I didn’t expect it to be Einstein.
He is Bruce's good friend.
This kind of drama is so exciting.
“However, what Einstein said was a supplement, does it mean that he does not think that the Bohr model is wrong, but it just needs to be improved.”
“Einstein is the same as Bruce. , are all purely theoretical physicists, and they basically don’t do experiments.”
“Looking at it this way, it should be a supplement to theory.”
"I'm really looking forward to it. I don't see anything that needs to be modified in Bohr's model."
"That's because you are not strong enough."
There was a lot of discussion in the audience.
Bohr on the stage began to feel a little nervous.
The shadow of a famous tree.
Einstein certainly didn't hit the target.
He must be very confident.
Looking at Einstein’s calm and calm look, Li Qiwei sighed in his heart.
Sure enough, he is like a torch in the dark night. Even if he has borrowed too much light from himself, he can still light up the front.
Li Qiwei became more and more suspicious of Einstein's identity. Maybe he was just like himself, with a big ball of light in his mind.
"Come on, Einstein, there are no restrictions on today's meeting."
"Anyone who has the guts can come up and report your research results."
"Look at this meeting, in the end Can you push quantum theory to its peak?"
Boom!
Li Qiwei’s words made everyone’s blood boil.
And the meeting was so exciting.
It’s completely different from the usual situation where one person is boasting at the top while everyone below is dozing off.
Not even Bruce, the host, knows the direction of the meeting.
No rehearsal at all.
However, this will harm Garp and others.
Now they are all on tenterhooks.
Early before the meeting, the school had approached Li Qiwei and asked if they wanted to rehearse the process.
Li Qiwei refused, saying that he had the ability to control everything, so that everyone could rest assured.
The leaders of King's College did not dare to force this ancestor, so they had no choice but to do as he was told.
However, Garp is always in the audience and is ready to provide support if an accident occurs.
He was worried about someone causing trouble and disrupting the order of the meeting.
But fortunately, the people currently playing are all famous people.
Under the gaze of everyone, Einstein quickly walked up to the podium and stood at the projector used by the participants.
I saw him skillfully drawing pictures on the board in front of him.
Synchronically, everyone also saw the huge picture projected.
Einstein said while drawing: "In the theory of Bohr's model, there are two forms of transitions."
"The first is the transition of electrons from a low energy level to a high energy level."
< br>“For example, electrons transition from the ground state to the excited state.”
“Or from a low-energy level excited state to a high-energy level excited state.”
“In this process, the electron needs to absorb energy. ”
"The second is the transition of electrons from high energy level to low energy level."
"For example, electrons transition from excited state to ground state."
"Or from high energy level excited state to low energy transition Level excited state. "
"In this process, electrons need to radiate energy, and it is in the form of electromagnetic waves."
"The above two processes are spontaneous behaviors of electrons."
At this point, everyone thinks it is normal, and Bohr's transition hypothesis has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.
At this time, Einstein suddenly said loudly: "But, I think there is a third way for electrons to transition."
Wow!
Everyone in the audience was shocked.
Even the big guys in the front row frowned slightly.
Bohr even trembled violently.
“Is there another way to jump?”
“How is it possible?”
“From high to bottom, from low to high, how can there be a third way? ?”
At this moment, everyone who understands Bohr’s model is puzzled.
"Could it be that Einstein was talking about a horizontal jump, but that would be meaningless."
"As expected, he is a theorist, but he has many ideas. I would like to see what other jump methods there are. ”
Li Qiwei smiled slightly.
The moment Einstein said the third way of transition, he understood it instantly.
This third way of transition is closely related to an important technology of later generations.
When everyone was almost shocked, Einstein continued:
"The third transition method requires the use of Professor Bruce's photoelectric effect theory."
"That is the light quantum hypothesis."
Boom!
At this time, the venue was completely shocked.
Unexpectedly, Bohr's atomic model is actually related to Bruce's photoelectric effect.
Especially the light quantum hypothesis is not yet unanimously recognized by the physics community because there is no experimental verification.
Energy is quantized and easy to understand.
But light is a continuous electromagnetic wave, how can it be quantum?
However, using the concept of light quantum can indeed perfectly explain the photoelectric effect.
This gives physicists a headache.
So everyone’s current attitude is that they neither completely agree nor completely oppose it.
Let’s take another look and wait for any subsequent powerful experiments to verify it.
Bohr was even more interested than nervous at the moment.
Bohr felt very amazing that his theory was still related to his mentor's theory.
It was as if there was an invisible thread connecting him and his mentor.
He looked towards Professor Bruce, who had no emotion on his face.
Bohr sighed: Hey, this is the style of a master, I am still a little impetuous.
And Einstein did not keep everyone guessing.
He started drawing again.
(End of this chapter)