Chapter 288 God strikes again! Orbital direction quantization! (Day 8 and 9, please subscribe!)
Lorenz is obviously well prepared.
The Zeeman effect and the GKY effect are very important phenomena in spectroscopy.
If these two effects cannot be solved, the Bohr model can never claim to end spectroscopy.
Quantization of the number of orbitals explains the four discrete spectral lines of the Balmer system.
The quantization of the orbital shape explains the fine structure in which a single spectral line of the Balmer series is divided into two.
Now, everyone knows that one more quantum number is needed to explain the phenomenon of a single spectral line being divided into three.
But, what will it be?
No one present knew this.
And Li Qiwei is their last hope.
Perhaps they will witness today that Bohr's model has grown step by step from the immature state when it was first published to a peak theory that is logically self-consistent.
In line with the theme of this conference: Quantum Summit.
With everyone watching and breathing rapidly, Li Qiwei finally spoke.
“It seems that everyone has the same idea as me.”
“It is indeed necessary to add another quantum number.”
"But what to add?"
"We might as well think about it this way."
"The inside of an atom is a very complex electromagnetic field environment."
"And the electron itself When rotating around the nucleus, a magnetic moment is generated. "
"Everyone should know that the magnetic moment is similar to the concept of torque in mechanics. "
"Then what happens when the magnetic moment generated by electrons is affected by the electromagnetic field?"
Wow!
Bohr suddenly understood.
Many of the big guys in the front row also relaxed their brows, and some even clapped their thighs excitedly.
Of course, most people are still confused.
Li Qiwei said with a smile: "It seems that many people have figured it out."
"Yes, the direction of the electron orbit will deflect due to the action of magnetic moment and electromagnetic field."
"Before The orbits of electrons are all flat. Now that they are deflected, they form an angle with the original orbit, forming a new orbit. "
"The energy level of this deflected new orbit is also different from the original one. . ”
“So there are more options for electronic transitions”
"Imagine a three-dimensional coordinate system."
"The original elliptical orbit was on the XY plane."
"Now that the orbit direction has changed, it may become parallel to the XZ plane. Or parallel to the YZ plane. "
"In this way, there are three different energy level differences, so three different wavelengths of electromagnetic waves are emitted."
"In this way, the spectral lines can be explained. The phenomenon of splitting into three.”
"Of course, according to the experimental results, the splitting of the spectral lines is not infinite."
"This means that the number of optional directions for electrons is not infinite."
"So, The orbital orientation of electrons is also quantized. "
"The Zeeman effect and the GKY effect happen to be the best proof of directional quantization."
"So, I think the third quantum number. It is the orbital direction quantum number.”
"Because it is related to the magnetic moment of the electron."
"I will use [m] to represent it."
"Of course, the value of m is not arbitrary. ”
“It is related to l”
“m can be an integer between [-l to l]”
"For example, when n=2, l=0, 1, m=-1, 0, 1."
"It means that the second orbit of the electron adds an elliptical orbit (l=1 ), add two new orbit directions (m=-1, 1). ”
“When n=3, l=0, 1, 2, m=-2, -1, 0, 1. , 2. "
"It means that the third orbit of the electron has two new elliptical orbits (l=1, 2) and four new orbital directions (m=-2, -1, 1 , 2). "
"I have been thinking about mathematical proofs, but the amount of calculation required is too large, so I will not show it live."
"In the future, I will ask Bohr to compile the results in the form of a paper and publish them for everyone's review."
"But I am personally very confident that there should be no mistakes."
< br>“The above is my explanation.”
Boom!
The venue fell into deathly silence.
Li Qiwei explained Lorenz's problem clearly without a formula or schematic diagram in the whole process, relying entirely on logic.
Everyone present was impressed.
He spoke so plainly and easily that even the young man majoring in chemistry next to him understood it.
“Damn, that’s awesome!”
Everyone is immersed in their imagination about the direction of electron orbits.
This time, Ridgway directly upgraded the original two-dimensional Bohr model to three dimensions.
It makes people confused.
The previous Bohr model was a flat atomic structure.
Now, however, it has become a three-dimensional spherical shell structure.
Each orbit is a spherical shell.
For example, in the first orbit, when n=1, l=0, m=0, the electron orbit is a circle, and the orbit has no direction.
So it can be imagined that the circle of the electron orbit rotates once around the diameter and becomes a spherical shell.
Electrons move on the surface of the spherical shell.
When n=2, l=0, m=0, the second orbit also has a spherical shell similar to the first orbit.
But when l=1, m=-1, 1, then the orbit becomes an ellipse, and its rotation around the long axis turns into a rugby-shaped shell.
And because there are two more directions, it is equivalent to turning the football that was originally upright into the sky into a horizontal one on the ground and a vertical one on the ground (both parallel to the ground).
So, the shell layer of the second track contains 4 types of tracks: spherical shell track and three rugby track.
[The spherical shell orbit is what later generations call the s orbit, and the football orbit is the p orbit. 】
[Note that the probabilistic explanation has not yet been proposed at this time, and the concept of electron cloud does not exist. The shapes of s, p, and d orbitals cannot be rigidly applied. 】
【It shows how rough we were when we learned it. 】
Bohr's model became more complete because of Ridgway's additions.
At the same time, the problem is that it is difficult for people with poor sense of geometric space to imagine the complexity of three-dimensional orbits.
At this moment, most of the people present felt this way.
They can only imagine a few simple situations, and if it gets any more complicated, the brain's CPU will be overloaded.
“Oh my God, is this really a theory that anyone can imagine?”
"Professor Bruce, you are my god."
"I actually understood Professor Bruce's explanation. I feel that I am terrifyingly strong now."
"Stop talking, I have already I’m considering the fourth quantum number.”
“.”
At this moment, the venue is completely boiling.
Everyone was talking about it.
Now the Bohr model finally shows its horror.
The return of the three major orbital quantum numbers directly ended spectroscopy.
Any phenomenon can be explained by it.
Even now it can no longer be called the Bohr model, but should be the Bohr-Lee atomic model.
With their superb strength, the master and apprentice pushed the atomic structure to its true peak.
Even the big guys in the front row are shocked now.
Li Qiwei once again conquered everyone with his wild imagination. Planck said with emotion: "I really didn't expect that a small atom would lead to so many subversive theories."
"We still know too little about the microscopic world. ”
Thomson next to him sighed: "Perhaps we can see an explosive breakthrough in our lifetime."
"With the current momentum of Bruce, I feel that the possibility is still very high."
< br>Then the two looked at each other and smiled, arousing another burst of envy from the people around them.
However, the words of the two bosses are indeed correct.
Based on Bruce's current state, if it stays like this for another twenty years.
It’s hard to say how far physics will develop.
Michelson joked: "If I had known better, I wouldn't have asked the question."
"Today I was prepared to cause trouble, but I didn't expect that it would actually bring success to Bruce and Bohr."< br>
“Your European physics has surpassed the United States again.”
Everyone laughed: “Professor Michelson, you are wrong. Physics belongs to all mankind.”
Everyone laughed.
Lorenz looked at Li Qiwei on the stage and was filled with emotion.
He still clearly remembered what the other party said at the first blues meeting.
“Although your electron theory can explain the Zeeman effect, it is just a symptom of a deeper theory.”
Lorentz couldn’t help but smile bitterly, “Yes.”
< br>
"If you look at it from the current point of view, my electron theory is indeed very problematic."
"Even from a certain perspective, it is wrong."
"The Bohr model This is the real theory that solves the Zeeman effect.”
At this moment, even someone as powerful as Lorenz had a little doubt about himself.
Li Qiwei's talent struck him.
At this time, Li Qiwei noticed something strange about him and stepped forward, deliberately avoiding the loudspeaker.
“Professor Lorenz, are you still thinking about what I said before?”
Lorentz saw Ridgway coming over and wanted to explain but didn’t know how to speak. The latter continued :
“The achievements of your older generation of physicists will never be underestimated.”
“No one in your time explained it better than you.”
< br>
"Perhaps in the near future, today's quantum theory will be overturned, and the Bohr model will even be reconstructed."
"Who knows for sure."
"Physics originally It is always in the process of development.”
“We should not laugh at ancient alchemy now.”
Lorenz was very moved when he heard Li Qiwei’s words.
He smiled and said: "Bruce, hearing you say that makes me feel a lot better."
"I'm worried that you don't like my electron theory."
Li Qiwei joked : "Congratulations on the correct answer, Professor Lorenz."
"After improving Bohr's model, I can't see anything now."
The two then laughed.
Bohr, who was standing aside, watched his mentor and Lorenz chatting and laughing with great envy.
If the model he proposed is a child.
Then Professor Bruce is equivalent to raising it into an adult, turning it into a strong young man, full of vitality and impeccable.
At this moment, Li Qiwei was no different from a god in Bohr's heart.
There is no physics problem in this world that a tutor cannot solve.
However, he did not bask in Li Qiwei's glory, because it always belonged to others.
Bohr must rely on his own strength to become the strongest!
Li Qiwei looked at everyone in the venue with his deep eyes.
Now, his contribution to quantum theory even exceeds history.
In real history, why is Einstein so much more famous than Bohr.
Because the theory of relativity was completed by Einstein alone.
Not talking about quantum mechanics, the development of quantum theory alone is already so difficult, with too many people involved.
Among them, Sommerfeld proposed orbital shape quantum numbers and orbital direction quantum numbers in 1916.
That’s why Bohr’s status is inferior.
After all, the gap between completing theory through cooperation and completing theory independently is still obvious.
Although the special theory of relativity was about to be reached by many big names at the time, perhaps this did not reflect Einstein's strength.
But the general theory of relativity, without Einstein, no one would have been able to propose it, even until Li Qiwei's later generations.
Because it has nothing to do with the development of the times.
It is the pinnacle of pure theory and is not limited by any experimental equipment.
Published fifty years earlier or fifty years later, there is no difference.
This is the key to Einstein becoming a god.
Without him, no one else would have published the general theory of relativity.
Li Qiwei was thinking about these things in his mind, and his thoughts had already flown to nowhere.
Everyone in the audience was still immersed in the wonderful theory just now, and no one noticed anything strange about him.
At this moment, everyone felt that today’s meeting was over.
There can't be any more questions.
Especially in spectroscopy, there is no phenomenon that cannot be explained by the Bohr-Lee atomic model.
"I bet there won't be any more problems."
"No, I have a hunch that things are far from that simple."
"Look at the front row There is a big boss who always has a smile on his face, probably holding back his big move.”
"Yeah, it's true, my God, I was worried that I would die suddenly from excitement today."
However, before the big boss in the eyes of everyone asked the question, Lorenz suddenly said again:
"Bruce, before you answered my question, you said you wanted to explain an anomaly that occurred during the derivation of quantum numbers for orbital shapes."
"Now, you can start."
“I think it is impossible to increase the quantum number of atomic structures.”
Li Qiwei smiled mysteriously, "That's not necessarily the case."
Then, he set up the loudspeaker and said to everyone: "I think after such improvements to the Bohr model, there should be no problems."
“Of course, all this is temporary.”
“Physics is always moving forward.”
“Perhaps there will be a fourth quantum number in the future.”< br>
Wow!
Li Qiwei’s words surprised everyone.
Is there really a fourth quantum number?
Most people believe it.
Because only if there is an opportunity can they soar into the sky.
If the theories were already perfect, then they would have no choice but to follow others forever.
But the big guys didn’t dare to believe it easily.
Because now it is really impossible to find out another orbital parameter.
Unfortunately, the big guys miscalculated again.
The orbital parameters are indeed gone, but the electron itself still has parameters that have not been noticed.
And all this will open a new chapter.
At this moment, Li Qiwei continued: "When I deduced the quantum number of the electron orbital shape before, I don't know if you have noticed something."
"It is a constant, but in my case It seems very strange.”
“I think it is necessary to discuss it with everyone at the meeting.”
Boom!
The whole audience was stunned.
(End of this chapter)