Chapter 292 Can God also make mistakes? The nature of the world is probabilistic!
The high-end level of today’s meeting has exceeded the imagination limit of most people.
As for the first three questions, although they are very profound, they are still within the acceptance range of everyone.
Even if many undergraduates cannot understand Li Qiwei's derivation process, they can still understand his logical reasoning.
It’s like, although I don’t know how to cook rice, I just know how to eat it.
But Rutherford's fourth question directly confused many people.
Do electrons have free will?
This is almost becoming science fiction.
At this moment, almost everyone in the audience felt that this problem was unsolvable.
However, Bruce on the stage once again aroused everyone's curiosity.
He actually thought about this problem seriously and seemed to have made a breakthrough.
After staring at Bohr's hydrogen atom spectrum for fifteen minutes, Li Qiwei finally turned around.
He saw that everyone in the audience was holding their breath, with eager eyes, as if they wanted to hang themselves up and beat them, forcing themselves to quickly tell the answer.
Li Qiwei smiled, thought for a while, and finally said:
"Professor Rutherford's question is very good, very, very good."
"I think everyone here can't imagine what kind of shock this question will bring to physics."
"Before I tell my answer, I want to explain it in advance."< br>
"That is, whether you agree with my explanation or not, from today on, physics will undergo earth-shaking changes."
Wow!
Li Qiwei’s words simply whetted everyone’s appetite.
Such words, which even sounded a bit weird, actually came from Bruce's mouth.
Many people feel incredible.
"Oh, my God, what is Professor Bruce's answer? Is it really that scary?"
"I can't imagine what the so-called earth-shaking means. Is it really that terrible?" More subversive than special relativity? "
"So far, the quantum concept has shown that the world is discontinuous, and special relativity has shown that space and time are relative."
"Absoluteness and continuity have been broken one after another. Is there any more terrible correction?"
"Really, I don't believe it."
Everyone in the audience was talking about it .
Rutherford also looked at Li Qiwei excitedly, and the other party finally had an idea.
And to be spoken so solemnly by Bruce means that his answer must be extraordinary.
Even the physics masters in the front row were trembling inside at this moment.
Given their age and state of mind, they were all affected by Li Qiwei’s words.
It shows how much everyone attaches importance to this question and how much they expect Li Qiwei’s answer.
At this moment, Bohr's inner admiration for his mentor has reached an all-out level.
“Is this the true strength of mentor Bruce?”
"It's so strong that it makes people despair."
"Bohr calls himself a genius, but I can't even see the shadow of my mentor."
"I'm really glad that Thomson The professor didn't accept me, otherwise, I would just sit in the audience and be envious."
"From today on, I will devote myself to physics research, and I can no longer embarrass my instructor."
Of course Li Qiwei couldn't hear Bohr's thoughts.
At this moment, all his thoughts were on how to organize language to explain Rutherford's question.
His words will surely bring an unforgettable shock to everyone present.
“I have been looking at the emission spectrum of hydrogen atoms just now.”
“You may be curious, does this have anything to do with Professor Rutherford’s question?”
"There is a relationship, there is a big relationship."
Suddenly, Li Qiwei paused and said carefully:
"Because the time and orbit of the electron transition are random, it can only be explained through probability."
"We cannot be accurate. Knowing exactly when the electron will transition can only give a statistical probability explanation."
"Similarly, we don't know which orbit the electron will transition to."
"We can only say how likely the electron is to transition toward this orbit."
"And how to calculate this probability?"
"It is through the emission spectrum of atoms."
"Which spectral line has strong light indicates that this electromagnetic wave emits the most, and the corresponding electron The greater the probability of transition."
"By analyzing the light intensity, we can get the probability of electron transition in different orbits."
"And then calculate these through analysis. Probability can be used to predict the transition behavior of electrons in reverse. ”
"This is my explanation of Professor Rutherford's question."
"The essence of the world is probability."
Boom!
When Ridgway finished his explanation of probability.
No sound could be heard at all in the venue.
The world seemed to have been pressed on the pause button, and all people and things were frozen.
Everyone in the audience opened their mouths wide and their eyes remained motionless.
Li Qiwei’s words kept echoing in my mind: The nature of the world is probabilistic.
“Oh my god, is this still the world I live in?”
“The world is probabilistic? Could it be that my appearance is due to probability?”
"This is the first time that Professor Bruce has not convinced me. I absolutely do not agree with this statement. How can the world be probabilistic?"
"Is this the charm of cutting-edge physics? Why do I feel that it is no longer the case? Science, but metaphysics.”
“Can God make mistakes?”
Li Qiwei’s probabilistic explanation made everyone completely crazy.
At this moment, even if he is the first person in physics today, he cannot convince everyone.
Even the big guys looked at Li Qiwei in disbelief.
They never imagined that Bruce would give such an explanation.
An explanation that is so incredible, so unconventional, and so unconventional.
If it is true as Bruce said, the transition behavior of electrons is probabilistic.
Then it not only denies the causality of the objective world, but also denies certainty.
Everything is uncertain!
Is this really possible?
If this point of view were spoken by others, then he would definitely be treated as a lunatic by everyone.
But it is the view of Bruce, the world's first physicist, which makes everyone extremely confused.
Bruce has used countless cases to prove to the world that he is not a sensationalist.
Although his views often go against common sense, they are ultimately proven right.
This is true of quantum concepts, and so is the theory of special relativity (correct within the inertial frame).
And now, an even more outrageous point of view has come out.
The world is actually probabilistic?
This is so unbelievable that it could be correct.
Everyone thought Bruce was wrong.
Impossible. Absolutely impossible.
Rutherford immediately expressed his opposition.
"Bruce, I have to admit, your explanation scares me a little."
"As you said, if the behavior of electrons is probabilistic, then the macroscopic structure composed of electrons Doesn’t everything have the attribute of probability?”
"But why have we never observed their probability?" Li Qiwei ignored everyone's surprise. He had already guessed the shock caused by this idea.
Everyone needs time to digest.
"Rutherford, I think it is the process from micro to macro, and there is some kind of law at work."
"Of course, we can't explain this phenomenon yet, but it There must be a physical mechanism. ”
"Don't worry, I won't push everything to the world. I think there are deeper principles of quantum theory that have not been discovered."
"For the time being, I can only explain so much."
< br>Rutherford shook his head, Ridgway's explanation was difficult for him to accept.
After atoms form macroscopic substances, will their properties change?
Impossible, absolutely impossible. (Wave function collapse will be explained in detail later, but everyone knows it now)
At this time, Einstein suddenly stood up and said excitedly:
"Bruce, I don't agree with your probability explanation."
Wow!
Once again the crowd roared.
Just now Einstein helped Bohr’s model prove its correctness.
And he and Bruce are very good friends.
Now, does he even want to oppose Bruce's probability theory?
Sure enough, this is an academic dispute that has reached its pinnacle.
At this moment, there is only right and wrong, no friends and enemies.
Einstein knew Li Qiwei very well, and naturally knew that the other person would not blame him for asking questions rashly, and would even expect others to ask questions.
Moreover, Einstein's character was destined, and his academic purity was unstoppable to anyone.
“Although it is not uncommon to use statistics and probability to explain physical phenomena.”
“For example, Maxwell and Boltzmann introduced statistics into thermodynamics.”
“They use statistical methods to explain the macroscopic properties of gases, such as pressure, temperature, etc.”
“Because there are too many atoms in the gas, we cannot calculate each individual one by one. The state of motion of atoms."
"So at a statistical level, it is enough to give an average value."
"But all physicists firmly believe that individual atoms still comply with the certainty of Newtonian mechanics."
“If one day, we can invent a machine with extremely powerful computing power that can calculate the movement of each atom in real time.”
“Then we will not need statistics at all. ”
“Bruce, do you see the difference?”
"Because the world is deterministic, probability statistics is just a simplified means."
"But your point of view is that the transition behavior of each electron is random."
>"They don't conform to Newtonian mechanics like atoms, but each electron has its own unique probability."
"This is simply unacceptable."
Wow!
Einstein's explanation made everyone suddenly realize.
At this moment, ordinary students deeply realized the horror of Bruce's point of view.
It directly denies the foundation of physics.
The world is not certain.
This is a real probability, not a special mathematical processing method.
Those present quickly thought of a physics legend: Laplace's beast. (Chapter 213)
If you know the motion state and force of every particle in the universe.
Theoretically speaking, we can calculate the past and future of the universe.
This is the most mainstream mechanical universe view at present.
What Einstein just said is actually a popular explanation of this view of the universe.
Now, Li Qiwei's point of view is equivalent to denying this certainty.
Even if we knew the motion of all atoms, we still couldn't calculate their future.
Because in the microscopic realm, the activities of particles are probabilistic.
Of course, what Bruce is currently saying is that the transition behavior of electrons is probabilistic.
But with a little expansion, you can get this incredible conclusion.
The mechanical cosmology does not hold true!
Bohr, who was on the stage, looked at Li Qiwei and felt a kind of worship to the gods.
If everyone on the field opposed it, then only Bohr agreed with his mentor.
The moment Li Qiwei said the probability explanation, Bohr felt as if thunder was exploding in his mind.
At that moment, Bohr even felt that he had touched the essence of the universe.
So gorgeous, mysterious, and impenetrable.
He whispered to himself: "I believe that Professor Bruce's explanation must be correct. The behavior of electrons is probabilistic."
"And it is a probability without any control. Behavior is a real probability."
Bohr knew that throwing a coin upwards and guessing whether it will land heads or tails is also a probability.
But that is a pseudo-probability.
If we can know the parameters of the coin, the parameters of the air, and the parameters of the ground.
Through countless equations, we can actually accurately calculate the landing situation of the coin.
The reason why it is said to be probabilistic is because there are too many factors involved and it cannot be calculated.
But in essence, the behavior of the coin landing is still a deterministic behavior.
The electronic transition behavior mentioned by Professor Bruce is a real probability.
It is not affected by any factors and is completely spontaneous.
Bohr knew that the worst people present were undergraduates majoring in physics.
Everyone must have thought of this question immediately.
And Laprasmon is also very famous in physics.
So, at this moment, everyone in the audience must be engaged in a crazy battle between heaven and man.
After listening to Einstein's words, Li Qiwei was filled with emotion.
In real history, the transition of electrons is a probabilistic behavior. In fact, it was Einstein who first proposed it.
But after he proposed it, he still didn't believe his theory.
It is strange that Einstein himself could not accept his own probability explanation.
It looks similar to split personality.
It's a bit like when Planck proposed the quantum concept, he was the first to deny it.
Einstein firmly believed that the world must be deterministic.
He believes that quantum theory has just begun and the theory is not yet complete, so it cannot accurately explain the behavior of electrons.
Using probability instead for the time being is the same as using statistics to explain thermodynamic phenomena.
But once the theory develops and matures in the future, it will definitely be able to accurately describe the behavior of electrons.
However, all subsequent facts proved that Einstein was wrong, and the microscopic world is probabilistic.
This was also the core of the debate between Einstein and Bohr for many years to come.
Of course, what they are arguing about is far more complicated than the current concept.
Currently Li Qiwei only proposed that the transition behavior of electrons is probabilistic.
There are many more incredible phenomena that have not been mentioned.
(End of this chapter)