Chapter 469 meeting content announced! A sensation in the world of physics! Everyone was shocked! Incomprehensible spin!
The quantum theory seminar ended with everyone still wanting to know.
However, everyone understands that it is not only the end, but also a new beginning.
Its impact on modern physics has only just begun.
After the meeting, the three Uhlenbecks immediately published a paper on electron spin as co-authors.
As soon as the paper came out, it shocked the physics community.
Everyone was shocked by the news.
“Oh my God! The fourth quantum number has finally been discovered!”
“This should be comparable to the exclusion principle.”
“I I thought Pauli was already invincible, but I didn’t expect there to be an even more awesome genius.”
"Whose generals are these three people?"
"Uhlenbeck and Gudsmit are great minds who were on the genius list of the Second Physics Olympiad."
"Currently they are Professor Ehrenfest's student."
"Who is this Kronig? So stupid?"
"Oh, it turns out to be Professor Bohr's doctor, sorry. Disrespectful, that’s fine.”
Most people immediately agree that electron spin is the fourth quantum number.
In their view, how could an article that could be published on the cover of the journal "Nature" go wrong?
However, for some big guys, the situation is different.
Netherlands, capital Amsterdam.
A few years after his retirement, the 68-year-old Lorenz was re-appointed as Minister of Higher Education in the Netherlands.
When he heard that two geniuses from the Netherlands had published a paper on the fourth quantum number, he couldn't help but be happy.
He asked someone to bring the paper and read it carefully.
This is no small matter.
After calculations, Lorentz discovered the problem of electron spin exceeding the speed of light.
He quickly wrote to Ehrenfest to inform him of this problem.
Since he can discover it himself, other physics masters must also be able to discover it.
If this problem is not explained clearly, then the significance of this paper will be questioned.
However, he did not expect that after receiving the letter, Ehrenfest directly visited him personally and explained the whole story to him.
Hearing this, Lorenz laughed and said:
“This Bruce still likes to make noises.”
"Now I see what else he has to say in the third session."
Ehrenfest smiled knowingly after hearing this.
The Bruce Conference, the highest conference in the physics community.
Others may have to worry about invitations.
But the boss in front of me doesn’t need to.
For Lorenz was elected permanent president of the Bruce Conference.
In other words, as long as he lives, he will definitely be able to participate in the Bruce Conference.
I envy everyone.
Lorenz was not wrong. After the Uhlenbeck trio’s paper was released, some people quickly raised doubts.
However, it is yet to be discussed openly by them.
Immediately afterwards, another big thing happened.
Making all discussions meaningless.
The contents of the quantum theory seminar have been made public by the Quantum Research Institute!
The debate process about electron spin is clearly displayed in front of everyone.
As soon as this move came out, it instantly triggered a magnitude 18 earthquake in the physics world.
Both physicists and ordinary students were all excited.
They all looked incredible.
The excitement of this seminar simply exceeded everyone’s imagination.
“Oh my God! The electron spin is not necessarily correct?”
“Pauli is so awesome, he even debated passionately with Professor Bruce!”< br>
"Spin or non-spin? Indescribable?"
"Oh God! I feel like my brain is not enough anymore."
"Professor Bruce's theory is too shocking!"
< br>At this moment, everyone was shocked by the debate between Professor Bruce and Pauli.
To a certain extent, it can even rise to whether the nature of the world is knowable or unknowable.
This is an eternal and unsolved proposition in the philosophical world.
Germany, University of Göttingen.
After Born was hired as the head of the physics department this year, he taught together with his friend Frank.
Frank was the one who, together with G. Hertz, experimentally verified Bohr's model at the Second Quantum Theory Conference.
The young hero at that time has now become a well-known physicist.
Together with Born, he established the Department of Physics at the University of Göttingen.
And his research direction also includes quantum theory.
So, one can imagine how shocked he was when faced with this news.
“I really didn’t expect that Bohr’s model, which was still immature at the time, has developed to this point.”
“With the exclusion principle and the fourth quantum number.”
"Quantum theory should be considered complete."
Born nodded with emotion.
“Yes.”
“Otherwise Professor Bruce would not have said that he wanted to reconstruct quantum theory.”
In real history, Born is not as famous as Bohr. , Heisenberg et al.
But his contribution to quantum mechanics is very significant, even indispensable.
There is a joke in quantum mechanics.
Call: Schrödinger doesn’t understand the Schrödinger equation.
It means that although Schrödinger published the wave mechanics equation, he misunderstood the meaning of the equation.
The correct explanation was given by Born.
That is the famous [Probability Interpretation]. (It is not the same thing as the probability of which orbit an electron will jump to)
This is the core concept of quantum mechanics and is extremely important.
Probability interpretation, a simple understanding is that electrons appear randomly in various places inside the atom in the form of probability.
This is the formation principle of what we often call the [electron cloud] in later generations.
This shows its importance.
In addition, in real history, Heisenberg, Pauli and others all studied under him.
Heisenberg was able to publish matrix mechanics with great help from Born.
It can be said that Born's contribution runs through the early stages of the development of quantum mechanics.
So, he is a veritable master of quantum mechanics.
But now, Born is clearly not yet a first-rate physicist.
He has nothing revolutionary to achieve.
He and Professor Bruce met in 1900, earlier than many physicists.
But now, the status of the two is as different as clouds and mud.
So, Born was filled with emotion.
“I hope that Professor Bruce can open up a new world for physics in the future.”
The existing quantum theory has become perfect, and Born feels that he has no chance.
Can only wait for the new direction.
At this time, a doctoral student next to him suddenly asked:
"Professor, I still can't understand, what does the indescribable electron spin mean?"
"Even if the electron is not really spinning, it must be in some state."
"It's just that we don't know this state yet."
"So, it's not that it's indescribable, but that it can't be described for the time being."
"Maybe one day, when the theory is updated, Perfect, we will know what the state of the spin is."
Hearing this, Born and Frank both nodded happily. They are not afraid of students asking questions, but they are afraid that students will not have any questions.
If there is no problem, it means you just don’t understand.
This is especially true for quantum theory.
Frank said with a smile:
“Born, you have accepted a good student.”
“I think Hongte will definitely achieve great achievements in the future. ”
This young man is Hong Te.
The 25-year-old Honte became Born's doctoral student in the second year after the war ended.
The young man is extremely handsome wearing a pair of gold-rimmed glasses.
In real history, he was the proposer of one of the three principles of electron distribution outside the nucleus: Hundt's rule.
After Pauli proposed the exclusion principle, physicists could easily determine the arrangement of electrons.
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However, they will encounter some special situations.
For example, suppose there are 2 electrons in the outermost shell.
So, they are distributed in the same orbit according to different spins.
Or do they occupy a different orbit in the same way as the spin?
The Pauli Exclusion Principle cannot explain this problem.
After summarizing a large amount of spectral experimental data, Hongte discovered a pattern.
That is, the electrons are arranged in the second way.
This is the so-called Hundt rule.
But Hundt himself did not win the Nobel Prize in Physics for this result.
I have to say, it's a pity.
And what is even more legendary about Hundt is his age.
This boss lived until 1997, at the age of 101.
You can imagine how the physicists at the time felt when faced with Hundt.
It’s like experiencing the magnificent history of physics in person.
From Hundt's eyes, they can see not only the sunset of classical physics: Lorentz, Thomson, Planck, Marie Curie.
but also the bright sun of modern physics. : Einstein, Bohr, Heisenberg, Schrödinger, Dirac
Thick and romantic!
At this moment, faced with Honte’s problem, Born explained:
“Your problem is probably a problem that most people have.”
"I thought about it carefully for a long time before I figured it out."
"Actually, according to Professor Bruce's explanation, the state of the electron spin itself is unknowable."
" It’s not because of technical means or anything, I don’t know yet.”
“But it’s indescribable from its origin.”
“Don’t think of spin as a dynamic state. A movement.”
"There is no reason for the spin of electrons. It is an inherent property of electrons."
"It is an intrinsic property, just like a person's name."
" We know everyone has a name, but can you describe it [name What does it look like?]"
"Actually, you were misled by the term [spin], thinking that it is a kind of motion."
"If you change the electron spin to electron. Quality, I’m afraid you won’t have a problem.”
"You definitely wouldn't ask what the state of quality is."
After listening to this, Hongte suddenly realized.
He has always used the thinking of classical physics to understand electron spin, and always feels that a definition needs to be given.
But now that Professor Born used names and masses as examples, he can understand.
Electron spin is a property, not a motion.
But this is even more shocking.
“How can Professor Bruce conclude that it is an attribute and not some kind of movement?”
Hearing this, Born seemed to have recalled something, and then sighed:
< br>"To be honest, when I first saw this explanation, I was actually as shocked as you."
"I can't answer this question for you."
"I can only say: Trust Professor Bruce's intuition."
"You have never been in contact with him, you can't imagine what kind of man he is."
"Countless examples prove it : Professor Bruce’s intuition is the shortcut to the truth "
"And, this time, he also gave a deadline."
"His reconstruction of quantum theory has made a major breakthrough, and it may be able to explain why electrons are used in the future. Spin is a property ”
"Of course, you don't have to accept his point of view now and admit the correctness of electron spin."
"It's the same as the wave-particle duality of light back then."
"Physics The development of learning takes time to prove.”
After listening to the instructor’s words, Hongte nodded solemnly.
He has understood all the causes and consequences of electron spin.
In short, from the current perspective of physics, electron spin is still a conjecture.
But this conjecture is perfect and can explain the remaining anomalous Zeeman effect.
And this conjecture can be well understood using Professor Bruce's point of view.
However, this does not mean that it is necessarily right.
What physicists have to do next is to study electron spin from a higher level.
As for what it was, Hundt didn't know.
But he is very self-aware of himself.
Physics at that level is not his turn to intervene yet.
The right way is to complete the research at hand and graduate with a PhD as soon as possible.
At this time, Hongte suddenly smiled and said:
"By the way, Professor."
"I recently studied the exclusion principle and found that it has a situation that it cannot handle when dealing with electronic arrangement problems."
"I think Let’s make an appointment to discuss it with you.”
Born was surprised when he heard this.
Is the Exclusion Principle also problematic?
Frank joked:
“Oh, Honte, you have to be careful.”
“That kid Pauli is not easy to mess with.”
“ Be careful that after he hears the news, he will come directly to the University of Göttingen to argue with you."
"We can't help you."
"Even Professor Bruce couldn't completely convince him."
After saying that, Born and Frank laughed.
Hunt touched his head in embarrassment. He did not dare to compete with those peerless geniuses.
At this moment, Pauli, whom the three people mentioned, was having a great time at the Quantum Research Institute.
Li Qiwei accepted Sommerfeld's recommendation and accepted Pauli as his assistant.
After Pauli arrived in the new environment, he did not feel at all nervous and uneasy, but felt very familiar with it.
He quickly became involved with Schrödinger, Irena and others.
"Brother Xue, why do you look so depressed? What did you do last night?"
"Sister Yi, why did you find Yolio as your boyfriend? You are so ugly. "
Amidst the protests from everyone in the institute, Li Qiwei had no choice but to trick Pauli and said:
"Pauli, don't bury your talent."
"I hope you can often travel around the world to exchange knowledge."
"On the one hand, promote the Quantum Institute, and on the other hand, promote you The exclusion principle."
"Let more people understand quantum theory and find more problems like electron spin."
"Don't worry, the research institute is funded by the public. On a business trip.”
Pauli was overjoyed.
"Professor Bruce was too kind to me."
Pauli's incident was just an interlude.
Li Qiwei’s recent important work is to prepare for the upcoming third blues conference.
This meeting will surely shock the world of physics again.
(End of this chapter)