Chapter 493 Doppler Effect! Spectral lines are redshifted! The shock of the expansion of the universe!
When Hubble announced that he had proved the fifth prediction of general relativity, the whole place went wild.
If this is true, then this result will crush the entire audience.
Not to mention Eddington's star measurement method, even Hubble's own universe island theory verification cannot compare.
Not on the same level.
That is the prediction of general relativity!
This is so shocking.
Although in recent years, there have not been many studies on Guangxiang, and there have been no significant results.
But this is not because Guangxiang is not good at it.
And it's precisely because it's so good and awesome.
Professor Bruce has been dormant for ten years, but once he emerges, he is at the pinnacle of human wisdom.
So that no one has any chance to intervene.
Only some scrap analysis can be published on this basis.
For example, various applications of general phase, finding solutions to some special equations, etc.
The five prophecies are the five artifacts of astronomy.
Ordinary people can become famous all over the world if they get one! Command the heroes!
However, even though Guangxiang is so shocking and beyond the times.
But it has been ten years since it was published, and it has still not won a Nobel Prize.
Even Ao Dai did not win the Nobel Prize.
Although in the eyes of many big guys, the probability of the theory of relativity being wrong is negligible.
In the process of their research, they directly used the scaling effect and the mass-energy equation.
But the veterans of the Swedish Nobel Prize Committee are more stubborn in their ideas.
As the status of the Nobel Prize becomes more and more noble, the process becomes more and more formal.
It started to have idol baggage.
The current award criteria are much stricter than they were at the beginning.
The Nobel Prize has always insisted that theories need to be verified by experiments.
If the original quantum concept were brought up to date, I am afraid that I would not have won the Nobel Prize so quickly.
At least we have to wait until the Bohr-Lee model comes out.
Especially for the supreme theory of general relativity, it needs to be treated with extreme caution.
When Guangxiang was first published, many big names nominated it as a candidate for the Nobel Prize.
But it was rejected by members of the Physics Nobel Committee.
They reached a consensus in internal discussions:
"The Prime Minister has five major predictions. It is better to wait for verification before awarding the prize."
After Eddington verified the bending of starlight, more people were nominated for the broad photography award every year.
The theoretical predictions are in perfect agreement with the experimental results.
This definitely meets the award criteria.
At this time, the five members of the Physics Nobel Committee hesitated and wavered.
"How about we give the Prime Minister an award?"
"If you include the issue of Mercury's precession, there should be two experimental evidences for the wide phase."
"For physical theory, the probability of error is very small."
However, one of the oldest members said conservatively:
"I think we can wait a little longer."
"The status of general relativity in physics is too special and too noble."
"We have to make sure it's 100% correct."
Then, the old man joked:
"Professor Bruce is not short of this Nobel Prize anyway."
"He won't care."
The other people all smiled knowingly.
Everyone reached a consensus and decided to wait and see for a while.
If one more of the five predictions can be proven, then Guangxiang will have three experimental evidences.
The probability of making a mistake can be completely zero by default.
At that time, it will be time to award awards.
Although everyone present this year did not understand the thoughts of the members of the Physics Nobel Prize Committee.
But they know very well that if Hubble really proves the expansion of the universe today.
Then the general theory of relativity is definitely expected to win the Nobel Prize.
And in the eyes of the big guys:
It is not the honor of the Prime Minister or Professor Bruce that the Prime Minister won the Nobel Prize, but the honor of the Nobel Prize.
This is the greatness of the theory of relativity!
At this moment, everyone's eyes were burning like a flame on Hubble.
It was the fire of desire, the fire of shock, the fire of envy.
Eddington looked excited. He was really happy for Hubble.
After him, someone finally conquered Guangxiang's prophecy again.
And he is also his best friend, which is simply a great blessing in life!
Shapley stared blankly at Hubble.
He thought his previous behavior was a bit funny.
The Great Debate of the Century, which he regarded as a lifetime honor, turned out to be just Hubble's appetizer.
I'm afraid the other party doesn't care about proving the universe island theory at all.
This disparity left Shapley with a sense of powerlessness.
"So this is the difference between geniuses and non-geniuses."
Yu Qingsong's heart boiled with excitement as he saw Hubble's unparalleled domineering power, standing in front of countless people.
All the while, he was immersed in the glory of Professor Ridgway.
He is a rising astronomical star in the country and shoulders important responsibilities.
But asking himself, he still doesn't know whether he can do what Hubble did.
As a half-disciple of Professor Bruce, he worked hard for ten years and finally achieved enlightenment.
This feeling is so inspiring and shocking!
Even though Hubble is a foreigner, Yu Qingsong can't help but admire him.
Only the strong will respect the strong.
Haer couldn't help but puff up his chest and smile.
He knew that next, it would be Hubble's personal show.
After today, the other party will be among the top astronomers in the world.
He even surpassed him as an astronomy master and was known to the world.
At this time, Haer suddenly discovered that Professor Bruce next to him had no expression and was not excited at all.
This is so strange.
So, he asked curiously:
"Professor Bruce, Hubble has proved another prediction of general relativity."
"Aren't you happy?"
Hearing this, Li Qiwei smiled slightly and said calmly:
"Oh, the result is certain, it's just a matter of time."
Forehead.
Haer turned his head silently, speechless.
"Shift! I hate it when people show off."
At this moment, facing everyone's expectations, Hubble took a deep breath.
Next, will be his peak moment!
He began to share his results.
"In Professor Bruce's general relativity, field equations are the core."
"This equation describes how the universe works."
"Each solution to the equation represents a universe with new rules." "Of course, this is just a theoretical prediction, and it does not mean that there really are so many universes."
"However, at least in our real universe, if we follow the calculation results of the field equations, we can conclude that the universe is expanding."
"This is the fifth prediction of general relativity."
"It is based on this prediction that Professor Bruce proposed the incredible Big Bang theory."
"I don't know if the Big Bang theory is correct or not."
"But for the conjecture of universe expansion, I can give concrete evidence today."
"Everyone, please look at the demo screen."
"In 1842, the Austrian physicist Doppler first proposed the [Doppler effect]."
"This effect states that the sound emitted by a moving object (wave source) changes when heard by a stationary observer."
"The higher the speed of the wave source, the greater the effect."
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"This effect is reflected in the change in sound wave frequency."
"As the wave source moves toward the observer, the frequency of the sound waves received by the observer becomes higher."
"When the wave source moves away from the observer, the frequency of the sound waves received by the observer becomes lower."
"The formula expressed is: (λ-λ)/λ=v/c."
"where λ represents the wavelength of the sound emitted by the wave source in motion, λ represents the wavelength of the wave source when it is stationary, v represents the moving speed of the wave source, and c represents the speed of sound."
"Since both λ and c are known, as long as the size of λ is measured, the moving speed v of the wave source can be calculated."
(This is how the Doppler effect measures the speed of an object)
"Light is an electromagnetic wave and is also a type of wave, so it also follows the Doppler effect."
"As the light source moves toward the observer, the frequency of the light received by the observer becomes higher."
"The frequency of light becomes higher, which means the wavelength becomes shorter, which is reflected in the spectrum and moves towards the blue spectrum region, so it is also called [blue shift]."
"Similarly, when the light source moves away from the observer, the frequency of the sound waves received by the observer becomes lower, also known as [red shift]."
"In the universe, all stars are luminous and they are natural sources of light."
"Using this principle, we can measure whether the celestial body in the universe is closer or farther away from the earth, and measure its speed."
"In astronomy, we call the component of the celestial body's motion velocity in the direction of the observer's line of sight the [radial velocity] of the celestial body."
"When the Doppler effect formula is applied to astronomy, the form of the formula remains the same, but the meaning changes."
"where λ represents the wavelength of light emitted by a celestial body in motion, λ represents the wavelength of light emitted by a celestial body when it is stationary, v represents the radial speed of a celestial body, and c represents the speed of light."
"c is known, and λ is also known, because the elements that make up stars are the same as those on the earth."
"The wavelength represented by the position of the spectral line of a certain element measured in the laboratory is λ."
"At this time, when we measure the difference Δλ (Doppler shift) between λ and λ through the received star spectrum, we can calculate the value of λ."
"Finally, through the formula, v can be calculated."
"This is the principle of using the Doppler effect to measure the radial velocity of celestial bodies in astronomy."
"Based on this principle, in 1868, the late British astronomer Sir Huggins first measured the radial speed of Sirius as 46 kilometers/second."
"And the red shift of the spectral lines means that Sirius is moving away from the earth."
"Similarly, this method can also be used for galaxy measurements."
"From 1912 to the present, the American astronomer Mr. Sriver has been committed to the study of galaxy spectra."
(Actually, it should have been called nebula spectrum before, but since the universe island theory has been proven, it was directly changed to galaxy, which is harmless)
Among the crowd, 47-year-old Sriver looked confused.
He is the director of the Lowell Observatory in Arizona and belongs to the middle class in the American astronomy community.
Of course, it cannot be compared with Hai Er and others.
Now that he was mentioned by the famous Hubble, he suddenly felt flattered.
"Huh? Doesn't it prove the expansion of the universe?"
"Why did you mention me?"
"I'm not bloated!"
At this time, Hubble continued:
"Mr. Sriver observed the spectra of 41 galaxies, and he found that the spectra of 36 of them had red shifts."
"This means that those galaxies are all moving away from the Earth."
At this point, Hubble paused for a moment.
He wanted to give everyone some time to digest.
Because not only Sriver was confused, many people began to look puzzled.
“Isn’t Hubble trying to prove the expansion of the universe?”
"Why are we talking about using the Doppler effect to measure the radial velocity of celestial bodies?"
"What's the relationship between the two?"
However, many people listened with gusto.
"I study planets, but I have never heard of this theory."
"Dr. Hubble's lecture is indeed very good, very easy to understand, and you can understand it immediately."
“I’m really in high gear today.”
"Sure enough, famous teachers produce great disciples, and Hubble's speech level is already three-thirds of Professor Bruce's."
Then, a big boss in the relevant direction made a sharp analysis:
"The galaxies moving away from the earth have nothing to do with the expansion of the universe."
"Isn't the M31 Nebula still close to our Milky Way?"
"The distance and proximity of celestial bodies in the universe are normal."
"The spectra of stars in the Milky Way are both red-shifted and blue-shifted."
At this moment, most people present did not know what Hubble intended to do with so much foreshadowing.
No matter how you look at it, what he wants to say has nothing to do with the conclusion he wants to prove.
However, in such a high-end occasion, the other party obviously would not be trying to be mysterious.
Soon, Hubble smiled slightly and continued:
"After listening to the background knowledge just now, I know that everyone here must be very confused."
"What does the galaxy moving away from the earth have to do with the expansion of the universe?"
"Yes, the two are indeed not related."
"But if you add another phenomenon, the situation is completely different."
Snap!
"Everyone, please take a look."
"I redetermined the radial velocities of 46 galaxies."
"Moreover, I also used the Cepheid variable star distance measurement method to more accurately determine the distance between these 46 galaxies and the Earth."
"By analyzing this data, I discovered a surprising fact:"
"That is, these 46 galaxies are not just spectral redshifts, moving away from the Earth."
"Moreover, the farther a galaxy is from the Earth, the greater its radial velocity."
"The two also satisfy the mathematical relationship of direct proportion: V=HD."
"Where V represents the radial velocity of the galaxy, D represents the distance between the galaxy and the earth, and H represents the proportionality constant."
"According to my calculations, the number of H is about 70 [(km/s)/mpc], that is, 70 [kilometers per second per million parsecs]."
"Where mpc stands for [million parsecs], which is an astronomical distance unit. 1mpc is equivalent to 3.26 million light years."
"In other words, for people on the earth, for every 3.26 million light-years that the distance between a celestial body in the universe and the earth increases, the receding speed of the celestial body will increase by 70 kilometers/second."
"So, galaxies are not moving in a chaotic manner like the stars in the Milky Way."
"They are moving away from the earth uniformly. The farther away they are, the faster they are moving away."
"There is no reason to explain this phenomenon except that the universe is expanding uniformly."
(Why is it expanding at a constant speed? Many people may not be able to imagine it, so don’t worry)
"The above is my proof of the fifth prediction of general relativity: the expansion of the universe."
boom!
The whole audience was shocked!
Did you enjoy watching it?
(End of chapter)