Chapter 494 Why is there uniform expansion? Fatal doubt! The universe is expanding faster than light! The whole audience was shocked!
After Hubble finished sharing his law of galaxy expansion, the room was eerily quiet.
Everyone was shocked and stunned.
Because of the status and importance of this achievement, it is estimated that it ranks at the forefront of the entire history of astronomy.
What a shock!
In addition, Hubble's keen insight and bold imagination deeply impressed everyone.
He is indeed a genius who studied under Bruce, he is so different.
Find traces of truth in a jumble of numbers.
It proves the fifth prediction of general relativity, how shocking it is!
Eddington's sharp eyes seemed to pierce the sky.
He stared closely at the law of expansion and couldn't help but be moved in his heart.
To him the formula was as beautiful and simple as the poetry of Shelley and Byron.
For a big shot like him, just one glance and that kind of intuitive intuition made him believe it.
Can’t be wrong!
You can’t go wrong!
This is evidence of the expansion of the universe!
Shapley and Curtis looked moved.
Their bodies trembled slightly, and their hearts were filled with ups and downs.
The two couldn't imagine that Hubble had announced this result in advance during the debate of the century.
What a stir that would cause!
I'm afraid the two of them can only be reduced to green leaves.
Yu Qingsong's face showed a fanatical expression.
His heart screamed crazily:
"This is the real astronomical research!"
"Astronomy has never been about simply looking at the stars, but about finding the driving force behind celestial bodies."
In the face of Hubble's theory, astronomical divination and prediction of good and bad fortune seem extremely ridiculous.
If we really compare, the former is the real mystery of the movement of galaxies and the numerology of measuring the expansion of the universe!
At this moment, everyone in the venue had different strong feelings.
However, for a completely new theory to be accepted, it must withstand testing.
Although Eddington and some others intuitively believed that Hubble was right, this was not enough.
Those present today can be said to have gathered all the top astronomers in the world.
No flaw escapes their eyes.
Where everyone's eyes are focused, Hubble stands proudly.
He knew that there would be a tough battle waiting for him next.
But he was undaunted.
"You all come together, why should I, Hubble, be afraid!"
At this time, Augusto did not dare to stress that he could only ask three questions.
He quickly walked quietly to Li Qiwei, Haer and others, chatted quietly, and then returned to the stage.
"Everyone, Dr. Hubble's theory is really shocking."
"I think everyone must have a lot of questions to ask."
"So, I just discussed it with Professor Bruce, Professor Haier and others."
"The last speaker was Professor Bruce, who volunteered to spare 15 minutes of his lecture time for Hubble."
"Professor Bruce said his content is very simple and everyone will have no problem."
A burst of knowing laughter suddenly erupted on the field.
"So next, please seize the opportunity."
"Let me witness the birth of the theory of universe expansion!"
Wow!
Pressure makes people grow.
Hubble's amazing results forced the meeting rules to be slightly changed.
Augusto actually got fired up and looked like a professional host.
At this time, everyone started gearing up.
Because there is something wrong with Hubble's expansion formula, very problematic!
Sriver was the first to be selected by Hubble.
After today, his reputation in the astronomy community will probably increase a lot.
After all, he is the man behind Hubble.
His results in the theory of galaxy red shifts inspired Hubble.
Sriver smiled and said:
"Dr. Hubble, I have a question, maybe it's stupid."
"I hope you don't mind."
Hubble smiled slightly and said:
"Mr. Sriver, you are too humble, please ask."
Sriver felt bitter in his heart to be called sir on such an occasion. The reason was obvious.
He is neither a doctor nor a professor, so he can only be called Sir.
It feels a little awkward when there are so many big guys.
However, he still asked calmly:
"Dr. Hubble, I don't quite understand."
"Why do galaxies that are farther away from the earth recede faster, which means the universe is expanding uniformly?"
"Can you explain it in a little more detail?"
"We undergraduates are not very good at mathematics."
Sriver's humor successfully defused the awkwardness and aroused laughter from the audience.
In this day and age, it is still rare to get a PhD in astronomy.
Even a large number of astronomers have no professional education at all. They build an observatory at home and start studying astronomy.
Therefore, everyone does not dislike each other’s academic qualifications.
When Hubble heard this, he also smiled and said:
"Sorry, I was just worried about time, so I didn't elaborate."
"This involves a unit that I define myself."
"The expansion speed of the universe is not the same thing as the speed of movement of objects we usually talk about."
"These are two completely different concepts."
"Give me a vivid example."
"As shown in the picture:"
"Now there is a 1.5-meter-long rope. In 1 second, I stretched it to 1.8 meters, and the increment is 0.3 meters."
"If I divide a 1.5-meter-long rope into three sections evenly, then each section is 0.5 meters long, then the increment of each section is 0.1 meters."
"Okay, now I will take the distance that the 1-meter rope is stretched in 1 second as the expansion speed of the rope."
"Then the distance the 1-meter rope is stretched is 0.1+0.1=0.2 meters."
"So, the expansion speed of the rope is 0.2 (m/s)/meter."
"This should be easy to understand."
Sriver nodded, Hubble's words were very easy to understand.
"This definition is actually my definition in astronomy."
"The expansion rate of the universe is: the incremental distance that 1 million parsecs (3.26 million light-years in length) is stretched in 1 second."
"With this definition, we can easily understand uniform expansion."
"Now go back to this rope."
"We now assume that the rope is stretched (expanded) uniformly."
"The left end of the rope is the center and continues to be extended to the right."
"Then you will find that the speed of any point on the rope away from the center of the left end is proportional to its distance from the center."
"For example, at a distance of 0.5 meters from the center, I marked it with a triangle symbol, and its increment is 0.1 meters."
"Calculated according to V=HD, the elongation speed at 0.5 meters is 0.2×0.5=0.1 meters/second."
"For example, at a distance of 1 meter from the center, I marked it with a square symbol, and its increment is 0.2 meters."
"Calculated according to V=HD, the elongation speed at 1 meter is 0.2×1=0.2 meters/second."
"This is the embodiment of the expansion formula."
"So, this formula means that the universe is expanding uniformly."
"The expansion rate is the constant H in the formula."
"The above is my explanation."
Wow!
Sriver suddenly understood.
Hubble explained it with demonstration pictures.
Those present were all elites and bigwigs in the field of astronomy.
With their IQs, if they couldn't understand this, they wouldn't be sitting here.
To put it bluntly, understanding the concept of space expansion requires a detour.
It's not as intuitive as the speed of an object's movement. If the formula is correct, then Hubble's conclusion is not wrong.
The universe is expanding, and it is expanding uniformly.
Hubble looked at everyone with high spirits.
He had been preparing for today's meeting for too long.
And he put in unimaginable efforts and sweat.
Because galaxies are so far away, their light sources are very dim.
Therefore, galaxies are far less easy to identify than the stars in the Milky Way.
To capture clear spectra of galaxies, exposure and tracking accuracy must be maintained for several hours.
Therefore, Hubble had to use his own shoulders to hold up the 2.5-meter-diameter lens tube to keep the shooting direction focused on the galaxy.
This feeling is extremely sour.
Colleagues at Mount Wilson Observatory nicknamed Hubble "the frozen monkey."
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He stayed in the observation room on the fifth floor all night, guarding the telescope, "his face was illuminated by the light and looked like an ugly monster."
This shows Hubble's rigorous scientific attitude and tenacious scientific spirit.
This is the fundamental reason why he can become a great master.
At this moment, hard work pays off.
Hubble can finally stand on the highest throne of astronomy and challenge the heroes of the world!
Really worthy of saying:
The cold wind blows in Mount Wilson, and the stars change and the young man returns!
However, at this moment, the second questioner appeared.
He is Sir Dyson!
The old man didn't have so many pleasantries, but his words were shocking and shocked the whole audience.
He asked:
"Dr. Hubble, I just used your formula to calculate and discovered an amazing fact."
"When the distance between a celestial body and the Earth exceeds 15 billion light-years, its receding speed will exceed the speed of light."
"Wouldn't this violate the principles of special relativity?"
"How can an object move faster than the speed of light?"
boom!
The whole audience was shocked!
Everyone has forgotten this.
The expansion formula is linear, and linear means that it can be superimposed infinitely.
And distance is just a physical quantity that can be superimposed.
According to Hubble's formula, the receding speed of distant celestial bodies exceeds the speed of light.
This is incredible!
For a time, there was a lively discussion in the venue.
Even Haier was speechless.
He knew that the question asked by his old rival Dyson was very tricky, but it was also a very good question.
If Hubble is right, then general relativity is right, and so is special relativity.
But if the special theory of relativity is correct, then the speed of an object cannot exceed the speed of light, so Hubble is wrong.
This is a contradictory process.
Dyson's question directly hits the crux of Hubble's expansion law.
Everyone admired him.
“Sure enough, ginger is still spicier when old!”
Hubble was also moved, and no longer had the calmness and calmness that he had just answered Sliver.
He had been so excited that he hadn't considered it.
You know, before today, the largest scale in astronomers' minds was only the Milky Way.
But the Milky Way is only a mere 200,000 light-years in diameter.
Its distance from the M31 nebula is only a million light-years away.
Normal people would only think that the scope of the universe is roughly tens of millions of light years.
It lasted to 100 million light years.
This is already an unimaginably huge number.
The universe is so big that it can accommodate everything.
But now, Sir Dyson's mouth is 15 billion light-years away.
At this scale, no one can simulate the picture in the brain.
It's too far!
But if you substitute it into the expansion formula and calculate it, you will indeed find that the speed of the celestial body has exceeded the speed of light.
Although Hubble tried his best to calm down, his heart was pounding.
He knew that now was the most critical moment.
If Dyson's problem cannot be explained, then his theory will fail.
This was an ending he couldn't accept no matter what.
His dream was shattered!
So, he forcefully explained:
"Sir Dyson, that's how I understand it."
"Perhaps our universe has a clear limit."
"The range of 15 billion light years is too huge. The universe cannot be that big."
"So, the situation you mentioned does not exist."
"Perhaps we can use the speed of light to reversely calculate the size of the universe."
After Hubble finished speaking, a trace of cold sweat broke out on his head.
Many people nodded silently after hearing his answer. There seemed to be some truth to this answer.
But Sir Dyson didn't buy it.
He smiled and said:
"Haha, Dr. Hubble, this is not in line with your true level."
"Before today, we all thought that the universe was only a few hundred thousand light-years in size."
"But you overturned this view and proved the universe island theory."
"The universe is much bigger than we imagined."
"In that case, how do you know that it will not exceed a diameter of tens of billions of light years."
"Maybe it's just your expansion formula that needs to be corrected."
After what he said, Hubble was speechless and unable to refute.
Yes, he is the man who proved the universe island.
Why is it starting to limit the size of the universe now?
What about courage?
What about your mind?
And Dyson's logic is also correct.
If the universe is really that big, then the law of expansion is wrong.
In other words, Dyson and Hubble have an incompatible relationship.
One of them must be wrong!
This is the consensus of everyone on the field.
Eddington frowned. He wanted to help Hubble, but the doubts of his mentor Dyson were indeed too fatal.
He couldn't think of a reason either.
Even Shapley is on Hubble's side at this moment.
But when faced with the problem of super-light speed, he could only stare blankly.
Haer next to him was so angry that he almost wanted to drag the old guy Dyson out.
"Just ask, what is the yin and yang strangeness about?"
At this moment, Hubble is in its most tense moment ever.
His brain was running wildly, but it was blank.
Everyone in the audience was watching him.
This kind of pressure is simply unimaginable, and ordinary people would have collapsed long ago.
Haer felt extremely distressed. He wanted to stand up and shouted:
"Believe it or not!"
Of course, in today's ultra-high-end academic environment, everything must be convinced by reason.
Or we can only rely on Hubble itself.
Because Haer couldn't explain Dyson's doubts.
He is powerless.
At this critical moment, there seemed to be a thunder of thought flashing in Hubble's heart.
He looked at a certain figure in the audience with a sudden flash of inspiration.
"Professor Bruce."
Suddenly, a sound of nature rang in Hubble's ears.
But to everyone's ears, it seemed like a cold and ruthless decree from the emperor coming from above the nine heavens!
"Hubble was not wrong."
"The law of expansion is not inconsistent with the special theory of relativity."
boom!
Words move the world!
(End of chapter)